ABSTRACT. Lagoons are highly productive coastal features that provide a range of natural services that society values. Their setting within the coastal landscape leaves them especially vulnerable to profound physical, ecological, and associated societal disturbance from global climate change. Expected shifts in physical and ecological characteristics range from changes in flushing regime, freshwater inputs, and water chemistry to complete inundation and loss and the concomitant loss of natural and human communities. Therefore, managing coastal lagoons in the context of global climate change is critical. Although management approaches will vary depending on local conditions and cultural norms, all management scenarios will need to be nimble and to make full use of the spectrum of values through which society views these unique ecosystems. We propose that this spectrum includes pragmatic, scholarly, aesthetic, and tacit categories of value. Pragmatic values such as fishery or tourism revenue are most easily quantified and are therefore more likely to be considered in management strategies. In contrast, tacit values such as a sense of place are more difficult to quantify and therefore more likely to be left out of explicit management justifications. However, tacit values are the most influential to stakeholder involvement because they both derive from and shape individual experiences and beliefs. Tacit values underpin all categories of social values that we describe and can be expected to have a strong influence over human behavior. The articulation and inclusion of the full spectrum of values, especially tacit values, will facilitate and support nimble adaptive management of coastal lagoon ecosystems in the context of global climate change.

Research on post-establishment evolution in nonnative plant populations has focused almost exclusively on testing the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) hypothesis, which posits that the lack of specialized herbivores in the invaded range drives evolution in nonnative plant populations. Fifteen years of conflicting EICA test results suggest that selection pressures other than specialized herbivory are important in driving post-establishment evolution in invasive species. Alternative hypotheses, such as the Evolution of Reduced Competitive Ability (ERCA) hypothesis, have been proposed but have received little attention or testing. We argue that the lack of consensus across studies that test EICA may be due in part to the lack of consistent definitions and varying experimental design parameters, and that future research in this field would benefit from new methodological considerations. We examined previous work evaluating post-establishment evolution and evaluated the range of study systems and design parameters used in testing the EICA hypothesis. Our goal was to identify where different uses of ecological terms and different study parameters have hindered consensus and to suggest a path forward to move beyond EICA in post-establishment evolution studies. We incorporated these methods into a design framework that will increase data harmony across future studies and will facilitate examinations of any potential selection pressure driving evolution in the invaded range

Previous island biogeography studies have quantified species richness on the scale of entire islands rather than smaller scales relevant to plant-toplant competitive interactions. Further, they have not accounted for density compensation. Using mainland and island sites along the New England coast, we asked two questions. First, are both richness and density lower in small-scale habitats within islands than in similar mainland habitats? Second, do differences in competitor richness and density drive postestablishment trait variation in nonnative plant species? We used field surveys and individual-based rarefaction to estimate richness and density in 100-m 2 plots and demonstrated that island sites have significantly fewer species and individuals per unit area than mainland sites. We then conducted a field study in which we removed competing neighbors from nonnative plant individuals and found that when competitors were removed, individuals in low-competition environments demonstrated a lesser increase in vegetative growth but a greater increase in reproductive effort and herbivore tolerance relative to mainland individuals whose neighbors were also removed. We found that the central concept of island biogeography, i.e., that islands host fewer species than comparable mainland habitats, can be extended to smaller-scale habitats and that this difference in competitive pressure between mainland and island habitats can act as a driver of trait variation in nonnative plants.

Three new species of Rhodomyrtus (DC.) Rchb. are described from Papua New Guinea: Rhodomyrtus longisepala N. Snow & J.McFadden, Rhodomyrtus guymeriana N.Snow & J.P.Atwood, and Rhodomyrtus misimana N.Snow. Detailed descriptions, information on distributions and habitats, and conservation recommendations are provided for each new species. A tabular summary of some key vegetative and reproductive features is presented for species of Rhodomyrtus sensu lato. A membranous testa for three species of Rhodomyrtus is discussed for the first time, as is the occurrence of densely-packed, hair-like fibres comprising much of the outer testa in some species. Large, dark-maroon coloured cells in the fruit of some species impart visible pits on the outer surface of the seed coats in the dried fruits. Gelatinous endosperm is reported for the first time in the genus Rhodomyrtus , being present in Rhodomyrtus guymeriana. Transitions between the typological distinctions of eucamptodromous and brochidodromous leaf venation types are discussed for Rhodomyrtus surigaoensis.