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When Does Start-Up Innovation Spur the Gale of Creative Destruction?ABSTRACT This paper examines the determinants of commercialization strategy for start-up innovators. We examine whether the returns on innovation are earned through product market competition as opposed to cooperation with more established firms (either through licensing, strategic alliances or outright acquisition). Our key hypotheses are that the relative returns to cooperation are increasing in (a) the control of intellectual property rights, (b) low transaction costs and (c) the cost of the sunk assets associated with product market entry. We find support for these ideas using a novel dataset of the commercialization strategies of start-up innovators. The results suggest that the procompetitive benefits of start-up innovation -the gale of creative destruction -depends on the severity of imperfections in the "market for ideas." Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: L10, L14, O31 and O32.
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