It is commonly held that the Christianization of the Gothic environment in the second half of the 4th century is a result of a large-scale operation carried out by Ulfila and his disciples – universal Christianization recognized by Gothic authorities. However, in this study attention is drawn to the fact that earlier missionary activities, referred to here as ‘grassroots Christianization,’ had already been of great significance since the second half of the 3rd century. The bottom-up mission involved spreading the Gospel in the Gothic community in a rather spontaneous way, by slaves captured by Goths in the Empire, in successive generations of their descendants (the case of Ulfila), or even heresiarchs seeking refuge outside the Empire. The process was frequently elusive, due to the lack of clear records of those activities in archaeological sources or writings, with the notable exception of credible testimony in the form of “The Passion of St. Sabbas the Goth’, a document which became the basis for the analysis conducted by the author. The source suggests that Christianization was also a bottom-up phenomenon and had reached the ‘plebeian’ environment of Goths much earlier, bearing fruit in the form of an active Church community and preparing the Gothic world for late 4th century missionaries. Thus, it was not merely a spectacular act of the apostolic mission of bishop Ulfila or his successors, but also of such apostles as Sabbas the Goth, presbyter Gutthikas, Harpyla the monk or other apostles of the grassroots mission whose names today we are unable to mention.
Art in the 3rd and 4th centuries underwent transformations and adapted certain representations which were typical of ancient iconography to the new needs and tasks of Christian art. Among the abundant examples of this process, many continue to be popular and recognizable, such as the representation of Hermes Kriophoros, which evolved to become Christ the Good Shepherd, or the sleeping Endymion, which became part of the “Jonah cycle.” The adaptation of patterns from antiquity for the purposes of Christian iconography was both popular and quite common, but only a fraction of the representations developed in that period survive today. This paper discusses the representations that have been forgotten. Relying on the examples of the phoenix and the dolphin-rescuer, the paper analyzes factors that affected the partial (phoenix) or complete (delphinus salvator) disappearance of images which were typical of early Christian art and which relied on ancient imagery.
Działalność naukowa ks. Władysława Żyły na uniwersytecie we Lwowie. Zarys zagadnienia Władysław Żyła urodził się 21 stycznia 1877 roku w Bursztynie, niewielkim mieście we wschodniej Małopolsce. Był synem Walentego, pracownika kolei. Po ukończeniu w roku 1895 gimnazjum w Stanisławowie, wstąpił do Seminarium Duchownego we Lwowie. Równocześnie kształcił się na Wydziale Teologicznym tamtejszego uniwersytetu. Został wyświęcony na kapłana w 1899 roku. Zdolnego kleryka zauważył abp Józef Bilczewski, który wysłał go po święceniach na studia teologiczne do Rzymu i Innsbrucku (lata 1900-1902); młody kapłan zwieńczył je uzyskaniem w 1902 roku tytułu doktora teologii. Wydaje się, że już w trakcie pobytu w Rzymie zainteresowania ks. Żyły kierowały się w stronę sztuki kościelnej, jednak po powrocie do Galicji przydzielono mu funkcję katechety w szkołach we Lwowie i w Tarnopolu 1. W trakcie działalności dydaktyczno-duszpasterskiej we Lwowie w kapłanie musiały dojrzewać zainteresowania naukowe, ukierunkowane właśnie na sztukę, skoro po niemal dziesięciu latach (1911) odbył podróż do Salzburga i wziął udział w zjeździe historyków sztuki kościelnej. W liście do swojego biskupa, relacjonując swój pobyt, pisał, że dzięki udziałowi w tym spotkaniu nauczył się bardzo wiele w zakresie konserwacji. Uważał, że sztuka kościelna
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