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Random walk hypothesis is a hypothesis that explains theoretically the difficulty in forecasting in financial market. Various tests for the hypothesis have been developed so far but it is known that those tests suffer from low power and size distortion. In this article, a sign test based on slopes are suggested to overcome these difficulties. A simulation study is conducted to compare this test to the often used Dickey and Fuller (1979) test.

Syneilesis palmata (Thunb.) Maxim (S. palmata) has been used as a traditional medicinal plant and vegetable. it has been found that S. palmata has anti-inflammatory activity, anti-cancer activity, and anti-HIV-1 activity. However, there are no studies on the immunostimulatory activity of S. palmata. Thus, in this study, we report that S. palmata leaves (SPL) induce the activation of macrophages. SPL increased the production of immunostimulatory factors and phagocytosis in RAW264.7 cells. TLR2/4 inhibition blocked SPL-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors and phagocytosis. In addition, the p38 inhibition reduced the SPL-mediated production of immunostimulatory factors, and the SPL-mediated p38 activation was blocked by the TLR2/4 inhibition. SPL increased the level of LC3-II and p62/SQSTM1. TLR2/4 inhibition blocked SPL-mediated increase in the level of LC3-II and p62/SQSTM1. These findings indicate that SPL may activate macrophage activation through TLR2/4-mediated activation of p38, and activate macrophage autophagy through TLR2/4 stimulation

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