There are several physiological and pharmacological evidences indicating that opening of voltage dependent calcium channels play a crucial role in the induction of the acrosome reaction in mammalian sperm. In mature sperm, physiological inductors of the acrosome reaction such as ZP3, a zona pellucida protein, and the steroid hormone progesterone, induce depolarization and calcium influx, which are required for the acrosome reaction. In this paper, we describe a voltage-dependent calcium influx present in human sperm. We report an experimental procedure that allows measurement of intracellular calcium and membrane potential simultaneously using the fluorescent dyes DiSC3(5) and Fura-2. We found that in human uncapacitated sperm, depolarization induces a nifedipine-insensitive calcium influx that, in most cases, was transient. Calcium influx was observed in the range of -60 to -15 mV (the range tested). At resting membrane potential (around -40 mV), potassium addition depolarized and induced calcium influx, but when the depolarization was preceded by a hyperpolarization (induced with valinomycin), calcium influx was remarkably enhanced, suggesting that at -40 mV, channels are in a putative inactivated state. When sperm was incubated in medium without calcium, calcium restoration caused calcium influx that depended on voltage, and decayed between 1 and 2 min after depolarization. Unlike ram, mouse or bovine sperm, in which an alkalinization is required to induce calcium influx with potassium, the voltage-dependent calcium influx observed in human sperm did not require an increase in internal or external pH. However, we observed that ammonium, which increases intracellular pH, enhanced the voltage-dependent calcium influx about 90%. Furthermore, depolarization by itself caused a small increase in intracellular pH suggesting that pH can be regulated by membrane potential in human sperm.
Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre la exposición a contaminantes atmosféricos y marcadores de estrés oxidativo, por un lado, y la función pulmonar, por el otro, en escolares, con y sin asma, de las ciudades de Salamanca y León, en Guanajuato, México. Material y métodos. Se realizaron determinaciones de marcadores de estrés oxidativo y pruebas de función pulmonar en 314 escolares, y se obtuvo información sobre contaminantes atmosféricos (ozono, dióxido de azufre, monóxido de carbono y partículas menores de 2.5 μm y menores de 10 μm) de las estaciones de monitoreo correspondientes. Para evaluar la asociación se corrieron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados. Con un día de retraso a la exposición a partículas menores de 10 μm (PM10), se observó un incremento de 0.09 pmol en los dienos conjugados entre niños asmáticos de Salamanca (p<0.05). La exposición a ozono durante el mismo día incrementó la concentración de lipo-hidroperóxidos en 4.38 nmol entre asmáticos de Salamanca, así como en 2.31 nmol por la exposición a PM10 para dos días de retraso (p<0.05). La capacidad vital forzada disminuyó 138 y 203 ml en niños sin asma, respectivamente, por la exposición a monóxido de carbono (p<0.05). Conclusiones. La exposición a contaminantes atmosféricos incrementa el estrés oxidativo y disminuye la función pulmonar en escolares con y sin asma.
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