The Indo-Pacific is becoming the new geopolitical axis of the planet for multiple reasons, among which three stand out: security (with six nuclear powers in the area, some of them amidst clearly growing tensions), demography (with 64 percent of the world population) and economy (with 62 percent of world GDP). Since its founding, the European Union has been absent in the development of a strategy for the region, an absence that has recently ended with the publication of national strategies of three member states (France, Germany, and the Netherlands), as well such as the EU announcement of a future EU strategy for the region. This paradigm shift may mark the beginning not only of greater European cohesion in terms of strategic projection, but also of greater European geopolitical assertiveness in a post-COVID-19 world in the Indo-Pacific and other regions. This article will trace the birth and evolution of the Indo-Pacific concept, will identify the reasons for its geostrategic importance for the European Union, and will analyze both the three national strategies of France, Germany, and the Netherlands as well as the announced EU strategy for the region. Received: 01 September 2021Accepted: 05 November 2021
Abstract:The postwar development of the Intelligence Services in Japan has been based on two contrasting models: the centralized model of the USA and the collegiality of UK, neither of which has been fully developed. This has led to clashes of institutional competencies and poor anticipation of threats towards national security. This problem of opposing models has been partially overcome through two dimensions: externally through the cooperation with the US Intelligence Service under the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security; and internally though the pre-eminence in the national sphere of the Department of Public Safety. However, the emergence of a new global communicative dimension requires that a communicative-viewing remodeling of this dual model is necessary due to the increasing capacity of the individual actors to determine the dynamics of international events. This article examines these challenges for the Intelligence Services of Japan and proposes a reform based on this new global communicative dimension.Keywords: Japan, Intelligence, Asia, Security, Communication, Terrorism, International Relations. Título en Español: "La Dimensión de Comunicación y Seguridad en Asia-Pacífico: Una propuesta para la Reforma de los Servicios de Inteligencia de Japón" Resumen: El desarrollo de los servicios de inteligencia japoneses se ha basado en dos modelos opuestos (el centralizado de los EEUU y el colegiado británico) ninguno de los cuales
Japan is the third largest economy on the planet but lacks coercive capacity due to Article 9 of its Constitution, which prevents it from having an army and declaring war. This means that it can only rely on persuasion to influence the international sphere and achieve its political objectives. One of the tools it has for this purpose is public diplomacy, which is diplomacy exercised through non-traditional means such as communication, art and culture. One branch of public diplomacy is science and technology diplomacy (S&T Diplomacy), which consists of collaboration in these areas with other nations to strengthen their international projection, as well as the dissemination of scientific knowledge and technology transfer between nations. S&T diplomacy has become a major focus for Japan of its diplomatic action since it launched the Society 5.0 project in 2016, which sought to revolutionize Japan’s economy, society and governance through technology. This S&T diplomacy has the potential to not only strengthen Japan’s external action, but also to transform its industries and research while it is transforming the infrastructures of Japan’s partner nations, like the construction of subway and high-speed rail networks in India. This article will first analyze the theoretical framework of public diplomacy and science and technology diplomacy. Next, Japan’s public diplomacy will be studied by comparing The Soft Power 30 and Global Soft Power Index. Finally, Japanese science and technology diplomacy will be analyzed by assessing the initiatives contained in the Japanese Society 5.0 project.
A la hora de diseñar e implementar una investigación en Estudios Japoneses, puede ser necesario adoptar cambios en la metodología que se va a emplear para adaptar las herramientas investigadoras a las particularidades de la sociedad, la política y el sistema legal de Japón. Este artículo realiza una reaproximación al estudio de caso del proyecto de investigación postdoctoral realizado por el autor bajo la Japanese Studies Japan Foundation Fellow 2016/2017 “Communication, Democracy and Policy-Making in Japan” para identificar, describir y analizar las adaptaciones metodológicas que pueden ser necesarias a la hora de abordar una investigación sobre la sociedad, la política y el sistema legal de Japón. En esta investigación se buscó identificar y cuantificar las correlaciones existentes entre el consumo de información en Japón, la opinión pública japonesa respecto a varias cuestiones y el respaldo social a la acción gubernamental tanto a nivel internacional como doméstico, con especial foco en la propuesta de reforma del Artículo 9 de la Constitución Japonesa. Este estudio de caso permitió aplicar estas adaptaciones metodológicas para adaptar la investigación al trabajo de campo. Por ello, en este artículo se ofrece una reaproximación a este estudio de caso, profundizando en el marco teórico empleado, los obstáculos que se pueden encontrar a la hora de ejecutar la investigación, las adaptaciones metodológicas llevadas a cabo y las posibilidades de que estos desafíos y adaptaciones puedan ser extensivos a otras investigaciones en Estudios Japoneses.
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