ResumenVitis tiliifolia es una uva silvestre que se consume generalmente en forma de vino, pero las semillas son desechadas, por lo que en este trabajo las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la harina y el aceite de las semillas de uvas de Vitis tiliifolia fueron evaluadas, se identificaron y cuantificaron los compuestos fenólicos mediante UPLC-ESI-MS. La harina de la semilla tuvo 75% de humedad, 0.23% de proteínas, 1.43% de cenizas, 3.15% de fibra total dietaria y 17.5% de aceite. La caracterización de polifenoles en la harina reveló la presencia de (-)-epicatequina (1318.66 µg g -1 ), (+)-catequina (703.12 µg g -1 ) y trans-resveratrol (32.88 µg g -1 ) como los polifenoles mayoritarios. El aceite presentó compuestos bioactivos como carotenoides y polifenoles. Los ácidos grasos que predominaron en el aceite fueron el ácido linoleico (Ω-6, 84.73%), oleico (Ω-9, 5.83%) y esteárico (2.21%) Adicionalmente los extractos, etanol: agua (3:1; v: v) y metanol: HCl (0.01%) del aceite, resultaron tener una alta concentración de polifenoles (125 mg GAE g -1 ) y una alta actividad antioxidante. El índice de yodo fue de 68.56 g I2/100 g aceite y el índice de peróxidos fue de 20 meqO2 kg -1 aceite. Las semillas tuvieron una AbstractVitis tiliifolia is a wild grape that is usually consumed as wine, but the seeds are discarded, so in this paper the physicochemical properties of flour and oil of grapes seeds Vitis tiliifolia were evaluated, the phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by UPLC-ESI-MS. Seed meal had 75% moisture, 0.23% protein, 1.43% ash, 3.15% total dietary fiber and 17.5% oil.The characterization of polyphenols in flour revealed the presence of (-)-epicatechin (1318.66 ug g -1 ), (+)-catechin (703.12 µg g -1 ) and transresveratrol (32.88 µg g -1 ) as the major polyphenols. The oil featured bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and polyphenols. The fatty acids that predominated in the oil were linoleic (Ω-6, 84.73%), oleic (Ω-9, 5.83%) and stearic acid (2.21%). In addition the extracts, ethanol: water (3:1; v: v) and methanol: HCl (0.01%) of the oil, resulted in a high concentration of polyphenols (125 mg GAE g -1 ) and a high antioxidant activity. The iodine value was 68.56 g I2/100 g oil and the peroxide was 20.0 meq O2 kg -1 oil. The seeds had a considerable amount of polyphenols and linoleic acid that confers a high antioxidant activity, so it could be suitable for use in food and industrial applications and encourage 1114 Rev. Mex. Cienc. Agríc. Vol.8 Núm. 5 30 de junio -13 de agosto, 2017 Nadia Juárez Trujillo et al.cantidad considerable de polifenoles y ácido linoleico que le confieren una alta actividad antioxidante, por lo cual podría ser adecuada para su uso en aplicaciones alimentarias e industriales y fomentar la producción y consumo de esta uva como fuente de nutrientes y compuestos fenólicos adecuados para su incorporación en alimentos funcionales.

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The nanoencapsulation of pesticides in biodegradable polymers confers several advantages to conventional agrochemicals, such as protection against losses due volatilization and degradation of the active ingredient, as well as the augment of water dispersion, allowing for their application on crops without requiring the use of organic solvents that could harm the user and the environment. This characteristics could enhance the productivity, reducing both costs and environmental pollution. In this work the propiconazole fungicide, forming part of a commercial formulation as well as in its pure state, was encapsulated using as carriers the biodegradable polymer poly lactic acid (PLA) and the biodegradable co-polymer poly (lactic-co-glicolic) acid, all with the aim of generate controlled fungicide release systems to augment the efficiency of the treatments of the Fusarium dieback disease. The most efficient system obtained presented nanospheres of 146.28 nm and an encapsulation efficiency over 42%. The antifungal activity tests showed that the use of this nanoencapsulated fungicide system enhances the growth inhibition percentage in 5%, obtaining a formulation that presents good dispersion in water without the need of organic emulsifier agents.

Background and Aims: Rhynchostele rossii is an orchid native to Mexico known as gallinitas (little chickens) that is threatened due to overexploitation for ornamental purposes, as a consequence of which it is necessary to realize efforts for its conservation. To date there are no reports of phytochemical studies of this orchid, although it is well known that species of the Orchidaceae family are a good source of bioactive and nutraceutical compounds (e. g. vanillin). Therefore, the main objective of this research was to establish a R. rossii in vitro germination protocol for propagation and determination of phenolic compounds that contribute to its phytochemical knowledge.Methods: A specimen of a wild plant and some seedlings obtained by in vitro culture were dried, milled and their components extracted with MeOH; anti-free radical activity (DPPH), total phenols and flavonoids were determined by spectrophotometric methods, and individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS).Key results: The root of the wild plant showed the highest content of total phenols and flavonoids with 121.60 mg GAE g-1 and 108.73 mg CE g-1, respectively, and the best anti-free radical activity with an IC50 53.63 μg ml-1. Extracts from seedlings obtained by in vitro culture also produced phenolic compounds, showing a total phenolic and flavonoid content of 37.35 mg GAE g-1 and 0.16 mg CE g-1, respectively. One coumarin (scopoletin) , three cinnamic acids (4-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and trans-cinnamic acid), three benzoic acids (vanillic acid, vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) and three flavonoids (quercetin-3-D-galactoside, quercetin-3-glucoside and kaempferide) were identified and quantified by LC-MS.Conclusions: This study demonstrates that R. rossii is a potential source of antioxidant metabolites that can be obtained by in vitro culture, without harming the wild specimens.

Mangrove plants are cyclically exposed to variations in salinity. However, high salinity for long periods can significantly alter their metabolism. Here, we studied the effect of contrasting interstitial salinities (45 ppt vs. 70 ppt) on leaf morpho-physiological traits in adult Avicennia germinans L. trees in the dry and rainy seasons in Tampamachoco lagoon, Mexico. In the dry season, there was low stomatal conductance and low water potential. Plants under 70 ppt of salinity had significantly lower leaf Ca and Mg concentrations than those at 45 ppt. The metabolomics results revealed that plants produced different organic compounds based on the salinity they were exposed to. The specific leaf area was significantly lower under 70 ppt of salinity (12.94 ± 0.87 g cm ) compared to 45 ppt (19.57 ± 1.52 g cm ) may as a result of the leaf stomatal conductance responses. Salt glands and trichome density were significantly higher in the leaves of trees found at the more saline site. Although mangroves are exposed to freshwater availability, saline, and tidal variation, prolonged exposure to high salinity results in morphophysiological and biochemical changes in leaves which facilitates their survival, even under extremely salt conditions.