This research aims to quantify the importance of a country's entrepreneurship level in terms of its competitiveness rates. Our hypothesis is that those countries entrepreneurship growth rates increase their competitiveness indicators and that this entrepreneurial improvement could be a key factor in reaching the next stage of development. We establish this relationship using a longitudinal database of Latin American countries that participated in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and the Global Competitiveness Reports of the World Economic Forum (WEF) from 2001 to 2006. GEM and WEF construct aggregated indexes using several variables to rate each country's entrepreneurship activity and competitiveness development. We use a discriminant analysis to identify various countries' competitiveness subgroups and show how each country's entrepreneurship rates have weight in different stages of competitiveness, placing a special emphasis on Latin America. Our results suggest that Latin American countries need to gain entrepreneurial dynamics and economic (and competitiveness) development by transforming their typical self-employment or low value-added new ventures for local markets into strong, innovative networked firms competing globally. Some management and policy implications are also discussed.

INTRODUCCIÓNEl informe del Ministerio de Educación de Chile, señala que un 44% de los estudiantes chilenos de octavo año básico (13 años), se encuentra con sobrepeso u obesidad y muy bajos niveles de rendimiento físico (1). La asociación entre ambas variables ha sido ampliamente estudiada, demostrando los efectos negativos de la obesidad infantil (2, 3), además existen componentes psicosociales que afectan el desarrollo personal de los niños.La obesidad produce problemas derivados de la falta de aceptación social y baja autoestima, observándose cada vez en edades más tempranas. En una sociedad en que el cuerpo es un referente de identidad personal y ante la presión social, aparecen cada vez con mayor frecuencia los trastornos asociados a la imagen corporal, generando una preocupación obsesiva por la figura y distorsión de la auto imagen (4). Chil Nutr Vol. 44, Nº1, 2017 En los niños, el sobrepeso genera una baja autoestima, por lo cual su imagen corporal es negativa y el rendimiento académico e interacción social se ven afectados por los sín-tomas depresivos y ansiosos (5). Factores como el rechazo de los compañeros, las burlas relacionadas con el peso, y las normas sociales internalizadas, juegan un papel importante en la disminución de la autoestima de un niño obeso, afectando numerosos aspectos de la salud y el comportamiento, incluyendo el ajuste social, el compromiso de actividad, la dirección objetivo y la presencia de ansiedad (6). RevEn niños y jóvenes, la actividad física (AF) tiene el potencial de actuar positivamente en aspectos sicológicos y sociales como la autoestima, influir beneficiosamente en la función cerebral y cognición (7). Sin embargo, existen escasos estudios en el sistema escolar, que comparen los beneficios de la práctica de actividad física con distintas frecuencias a

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to a void in the literature on enterprise flexibility: The Management Control Systems’ (MCS) role in the enterprise flexibility and stability discussion. MCS can be instrumental in securing an organization’s strategic performance objectives, far beyond the mere managerial control and accounting perspectives of traditional MCS’ roles. Design/methodology/approach This study is qualitative in nature, and presents a theoretical approach with a conceptual model to address enterprise flexibility and stability jointly; arguing that both should be part of the MCS’ design and implementation with a distinct strategic outlook. Several theoretical and practical arguments are presented which reinforce this thesis. Findings To operate optimally, enterprises must be able to manage their limited resources in efficient and effective manner. This is especially so when dealing with uncertainty and contingencies on an ongoing basis, while following a defined strategic choice. Such choices are expected to mirror enterprise flexibility types and measures without neglecting enterprise stability requirements, linking both to strategic performance measurement indicators. Research limitations/implications Further work is needed to explore not only how different types of enterprise flexibility and stability measures can bring additional benefits to the firm but also how best to apply such types in accordance with business and operations strategies, organizational stability requirements and management control strategies. Practical implications MCS can and should take part of an organization’s strategic performance measures but these are to be understood from a systemic design perspective of the enterprise system’s metacontrollability, addressing flexibility and stability jointly. Social implications There is a need to reevaluate the role of MCS and their strategic potential. The approach presented can have valuable potential ramifications and insights for management and information sciences as well as for the enterprise management practitioners as a whole. Originality/value This paper provides original research on enterprise flexibility and stability analysis, covering all aspects of MC and its role on the enterprise’s metacontrollability. Design and coordination of the seven basic elements which comprise MCS are analyzed, as well as how they influence one another. The paper includes two tables to illustrate the approach being proposed. Table I presents a classification of the literature reviewed in the paper while Table AI presents the choice of the theoretical lens on enterprise flexibility from other authors which contrasts with the model proposed. The role of MCS in the enterprise is also included.

El trabajo tiene como objetivo exponer los fundamentos teóricos y metodológicos para diseñar e implementar un currículum encaminado al desarrollo de habilidades sociales y emocionales dentro de las escuelas preescolares del contexto latinoamericano. Se señalan las razones que justifican la incorporación de un programa de desarrollo socioemocional en el currículum preescolar, las bases teóricas que fundamentan la importancia de la enseñanza directa de esta área de desarrollo psicológico infantil, así como los hallazgos de investigaciones empíricas realizadas en el contexto hispano y latinoamericano. Se concluye con la exposición de los lineamientos para la implementación de un currículum que abarque la enseñanza de la competencia social y emocional en escuelas preescolares latinoamericanas, fundamentados a nivel teórico y metodológico.