1. Colombia with 1941 known recorded bird species is one of the most species rich countries in the world. Efforts are necessary to conserve, study and promote sustainable use of this important taxonomic group throughout Colombia’s vast territory. 2. In an ideal world, informed decisions that are based on sound scientific information should be likelier to have successful outcomes. Nevertheless, there are barriers that make it difficult to access and use information in a timely fashion. Those same barriers impede the study, conservation and sustainable use of bird species in Colombia. On the other hand, given that there is good documentation about the ecology of a large number of species, information about the distribution of birds can be easily incorporated into decision-making processes, once this information becomes readily available in a consumable format using Geographic Information Sciences tools. 3. In this context, the main objective of this paper is to present the first compilation of the current distribution of 1889 (97%) species of birds in Colombia, using expert criteria. The shapefiles were used to show the distribution and diversity of bird species in Colombia under both geopolitical and conservation geographic units. 4. The information provided in this paper can be used as a baseline for a huge number of initiatives that aim to strengthen conservation efforts and improve knowledge about one the most unique taxonomic groups in the country. These range from land use planning strategies at the municipal or department scale to sustainable use of bird species - such as those initiatives related to bird watching - in Colombia. This study has considered three key aspects: 1) the importance of birds for Colombia’s ecosystems, 2) the privileged place of Colombia in bird species richness and 3) the importance of data mobilisation in formats easily consumable by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to facilitate the processes of informed decision-making. We present the first compilation - in shapefile format - for 1889 of the 1941 bird species recorded from Colombia. Using this novel collection, we showed the species richness of birds in Colombia’s 33 Departments plus its Captial District (DPs), 1122 Municipalities (MNs), 58 protected areas (PAs), 39 Regional Autonomous Corporations (the authorities responsible within their respective jurisdictions for regulating the environment and renewable natural resources in Colombia; CARs) and 916 Collectively Titled Territories (including both indigenous reservations and afro-descendant communities; CTTs). In addition, we provide a list of known bird species richness for the above geographic units found in the available literature. The information provided here can be used as a baseline for a huge number of initiatives concerning the study, conservation and sustainable use of bird species present in Colombia, providing access to key features of bird distribution that should facilitate decision-making.

Justo VILLAFAÑE, Madrid, Ediciones Pirámide, 2004.

RESUMEN:El objeto de este trabajo viene determinado por la tradicional atención que suscitan los eslóganes en el ámbito académico y la necesidad de estudiar su evolución y desarrollo en el contexto actual de la comunicación publicitaria española. Su finalidad es retratar la situación del eslogan en la publicidad gráfica española y, al mismo tiempo, cotejar los resultados con los estudios anteriores a fin de observar la evolución del mismo en aspectos como la economía expresiva, la densidad semántica, el uso de recursos retóricos, la perdurabilidad, la exclusividad o la eficiencia comunicativa. Esta investigación se inserta, pues, en el campo de los estudios sobre los contenidos de los medios de comunicación (mass communication research), en los que la técnica del análisis de contenido (content analysis) ha dado resultados satisfactorios. Para ello, se ha analizado un extenso corpus de eslóganes aparecidos en la prensa española durante 2011. Resumidamente, puede afirmarse que se estabilizan las tendencias ya anotadas en estudios precedentes: menos uso del eslogan, mayor brevedad y concentración expresiva, más recursos retóricos, más protagonismo del consumidor en su concepto, más eslóganes en lenguas distintas al castellano, etc. PALABRAS CLAVE:Eslogan; redacción publicitaria; publicidad gráfica; retórica; crisis económica. TITLE:Evolution and development of the advertising slogan: further analysis. ABSTRACT:The purpose of this work is determined by the typical interest aroused in academia by slogans and the need to study their evolution and development in the current context of Spanish advertising communication. Its aim is to portray the state of slogans in Spanish print advertising, and at the same time, to compare the results to those of previous studies in order to observe its evolution in certain areas, such as the economy of expression, the semantic density, the use of rhetorical tropes, perdurability, exclusivity, and communication efficiency. The present research is therefore in line with mass communication research, within which the technique of content analysis has proved itself to be an effective tool. To this end, an extensive corpus of advertising slogans appearing in newspapers during 2011 was analyzed. In short, it can be stated that trends noted in previous studies are reinforced: a decrease in the use of slogans, more brevity and expressive condensation, more rhetorical tropes, a more active role of the consumer in creative concepts, and an increase in the number of advertising slogans in languages other than Spanish.

Amino-acid-based systems have been specially investigated as potential functional biological or bioinspired materials. In this work, we show the remarkable ability of two small molecules based on the aryl amino acids l-tyrosine and l-phenylalanine to deliver different self-assembled structures, ranging from crystalline materials, such as single crystals and mesocrystals, to organogels. These compounds were obtained through the reaction of the amino acid with the aldehyde piperonal, resulting in not so explored derivatized systems, which conserve the carboxylic and secondary amine groups. The obtaining of each architecture is modulated by the environmental conditions, such as solvent, concentration, pH, temperature, and/or ionic strength, variables easy to control. We study the self-assembly process and features of the resultant materials using a combination of X-ray diffraction, density functional theory, small-angle X-ray scattering, and spectroscopic data. Both, in an organic solution or crystalline state, the self-assembly is governed by ionic intermolecular interactions assisted by H-bonds and, also, with the contribution of contacts involving the π-systems. As observed in related biological systems, we find that the OH function in the l-tyrosine moiety also exerts a tremendous impact over the supramolecular chemistry. In comparison with the free amino acids, the nonpolar moiety and additional short contacts provided by derivatization clearly offer new options and potential applications for more diverse environments. As a clear example, the gelation capability is tested in a crude oil sample, demonstrating a possible use in oil spill recovery.

Este artículo parte de que la publicidad institucional es un fenómeno emitido por el Estado en los diferentes niveles de la Administración pública. Estas condiciones de emisión implican cuestiones interesantes para la Teoría de la Propaganda, derivadas de la peculiar naturaleza del Estado en tanto que instancia de poder. Consideramos que el Estado es un emisor fundamental de propaganda, pero también un ámbito generador de mensajes publicitarios variados que no persiguen necesariamente un fin propagandístico. En este contexto, manejamos dos conceptos básicos: por un lado, la idea de una publicidad institucional propagandística, guiada por fines partidistas e intención de poder; por otro, la noción de una publicidad institucional de servicio o interés público, antenta a los intereses generales.