No abstract

In a cross-sectional probability survey of 3,132 household adults representing two Los Angeles communities, lifetime diagnoses of nine major mental disorders were compared between those who reported that they had been sexually assaulted at some time in their lives and those who reported no sexual assault. Sexual assault predicted later onset of major depressive episodes, substance use disorders (alcohol and drug abuse or dependence), and anxiety disorders (phobia, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder) but was not related to later onset of mania, schizophrenic disorders, or antisocial personality. Those who were assaulted in childhood were more likely than those first assaulted in adulthood to report the subsequent development of a mental disorder. Demographic characteristics of gender, age, Hispanic ethnic background, and education, however, were generally unrelated to the probability of developing any specific disorder after being assaulted. Finally, major depression, drug abuse or dependence, antisocial personality, and phobia were all associated with a higher probability of subsequent sexual assault.A large body of research suggests that sexual assault has severe and long-lasting mental health consequences. Studies of persons seeking treatment or other assistance have reported that those who have been sexually assaulted experience high rates of sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Reports of female sexual dysfunction after adult sexual assault

This paper studies the impinging droplets on superhydrophobic textured surfaces and proposes a design guideline for nonwetting surfaces under droplet impingement. A new wetting pressure, the effective water hammer pressure, is introduced in the study to clearly define wetting states for the impinging droplets. This approach establishes the design criteria for nonwetting surfaces to impinging droplets. For impingement speed higher than raindrop speed, the surfaces need to have sub-100-nm features to generate a large enough antiwetting pressure for the droplets to take a nonwetting state after impingement.

The mechanism of hydrosilylation using the highly active precatalyst Karstedt's precatalyst (Pt x -(M vinyl M vinyl ) y , M vinyl M vinyl ) divinyltetramethyldisiloxane) was investigated using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. Contrary to previous reports suggesting colloidal catalysts, we find that regardless of the stoichiometric ratio of hydrosilane to olefin, the catalyst is a monomeric platinum compound with silicon and carbon in the first coordination sphere. The platinum end product, however, is a function of the stoichiometry of the reactants. At excess olefin concentration, the platinum end product contains only platinum-carbon bonds, whereas at high hydrosilane concentration, the platinum end product is multinuclear and also contains platinum-silicon bonds. The two end products can interconvert by adding additional aliquots of the stoichiometrically deficient reagent. An explanation of the "oxygen" effect is also given. In the absence of oxygen, hydrosilylation of certain olefins does not occur. Oxygen serves to disrupt multinuclear platinum species that are formed when poorly stabilizing olefins are employed. Finally, we discuss the olefin isomerization reaction that may accompany hydrosilylation of terminal olefins. When the hydrosilylation reaction proceeds slowly due to poorly reactive olefins, the olefin isomerization products become significant. EXAFS analysis of solutions after olefin isomerization has occurred shows the presence of platinum-platinum bonded compounds.

Favorable evidence on the validity of the Grasmick et al. ( I 993) selfcontrol scale has been reported in studies using general populationsamples. However, the scale has never been tested among persons