An effective long‐term treatment is necessary for mares with pyometra, because the condition tends to recur. In many affected animals, several conformational or anatomical anomalies contribute to impaired uterine clearance. Ovariohysterectomy is the surgical procedure of choice. Conservative therapy consists of draining and flushing the uterus, and systemic anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial treatment. Uterine secretions tend to accumulate again after local treatment, especially in mares with poor vaginal conformation or cervical adhesions. Herein, we describe three cases in which a cervical stent was used in mares after mechanical or manual dilation of the cervix to achieve permanent draining of the uterus. The mares remained symptom‐free for up to 6 years and exhibited good clinical progress and good performance in competitions. Potential complications of the procedure include loss of the stent and obstruction caused by viscous secretion. A cervical stent is a relatively easy and low‐cost option for the long‐term treatment of pyometra in mares, particularly in cases where excessive costs of surgery and risks of a general anaesthesia are to be avoided.
Zusammenfassung
Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, den derzeitigen Stand der Literatur über die Therapie der Torsio uteri sowie die Folgen für Kuh und Kalb darzustellen. Material und Methode: Ausgewertet wurde die Literatur, die in Online-Suchportalen (Pub Med, Medline) und veterinärmedizinischen Fachzeitschriften sowie einschlägigen Lehrbüchern zur Verfügung steht. Ergebnisse: Die Therapie besteht zunächst im Versuch der Retorsion des Uterus, wobei direkte und indirekte Retorsionsmethoden zur Verfügung stehen, deren Anwendung nach Lage des Falles entschieden werden muss. Danach erfolgt in der Regel die Entwicklung des Kalbes, die entweder per vias naturales oder per Schnittentbindung durchgeführt wird. Das Bestehen einer Torsio uteri führt immer zu einer Dystokie, wobei Dauer und Drehungsgrad einen starken Einfluss auf den Verlauf der Geburt nach erfolgter Retorsion haben, sofern diese gelingt. Die Prognose ist ebenfalls maßgeblich von den beiden genannten Faktoren abhängig und kann zwischen günstig bis infaust variieren. Die Vitalität des Kalbes schwankt je nach ausgewerteter Literatur stark (14–90%), wobei die Überlebensrate unter Praxisbedingungen höher liegt als in Kliniken. Bezüglich der Folgen der Erkrankung auf das Puerperium kommen alle Facetten zwischen geringgradigen Involutionsstörungen des Uterus bis hin zu tödlichen Komplikationen vor. Der Einfluss auf die weitere Fertilität betroffener Tiere hängt vom Verlauf der Geburt und bestehenden Sekundärkomplikationen ab. Das Risiko für Störungen der Elektrolythomöostase ist erhöht (ca. 50%), ebenso das für Geburtsverletzungen (ca. 20%). Die Häufigkeit einer Retentio secundinarum nach einer Torsio uteri wird sehr unterschiedlich angegeben mit einer Rate zwischen 3% und 52%.
The aim of this study was to adapt an inner perivitelline membrane (IPVM) test as an interspecies penetration assay for avian spermatozoa. The IPVM of different bird species was evaluated to test the penetrating ability of avian spermatozoa in an intra- and interspecies design. Isolation of the IPVM via acid hydrolysis was tested in pre-incubated chicken eggs and in six other avian species. The separation protocol was modified (time, acid concentration) to facilitate practicability. Separated membranes were evaluated with dark field microscopy for the presence of holes produced by penetrating spermatozoa. In chicken eggs, the influence of different membrane storage conditions was tested. In the penetration assay, the IPVM of chicken eggs was used as a model for fresh and frozen–thawed rooster sperm and for fresh spermatozoa of cockatiels and falcons. Results demonstrated that the time of egg-incubation had a significantly negative influence on the isolation ability of the IPVM (p < 0.0001). IPVM-separation was successful for a maximum of two days after preincubation. In the experiments with eggs from other avian species, results were heterogenous: there was no isolation in geese and cockatiels, 20% in the European kestrel, and 40% in pheasant, quail, and duck. In the penetration assay, holes were found in 100% of the IPVM of chicken eggs after incubation with native and frozen–thawed rooster semen and in 10% with fresh cockatiel semen. Falcon spermatozoa failed to produce visible holes. In conclusion, the IPVM of chicken eggs seems to be unsuitable to establish a functional sperm assay in other species tested but is suitable for quality evaluation of cryopreserved rooster sperm.
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