Background: Fever frequently occurs in patients with traumatic brain injury and can cause secondary damage to the brain. Critical care nurses play essential roles in assessing and managing fever in these patients. Aim:The study aimed to (a) examine the fever causes in and condition of neurosurgical patients with traumatic brain injury in intensive care, (b) identify the factors associated with fever, and (c) determine the effects of fever on hospital stay and prognosis.Study design: This study is a retrospective observational design.Methods: Data were collected through chart reviews of 93 traumatic brain injury patients admitted to a teaching hospital's intensive care unit for postoperative care.Fever was defined as at least one episode of body temperature >38 C.Results: Of the 93 patients, 76 developed a fever within 1-week post-craniotomy.Of these, 49 were infection-related and 27 were unexplained. Results of logistic regression showed that the preoperative Glasgow coma scale score (ß = À.323; P = .013) and length of intubation (ß = .480; P = .005) were the key predictors of unexplained post-craniotomy fever, and these two variables (ß = À.494; P < .001 and ß = .479; P = .006, respectively) were also the key predictors of infectionrelated fever. Conclusion: A significant portion of patients developed a fever during the first post-craniotomy week. Patients with a lower pre-craniotomy Glasgow coma scale score and a longer intubation length were at a greater risk for both infection-related fever and unexplained fever. Patients with fever had a bad outcome score. Relevance to clinical practice: Critical care nurses should closely monitor traumatic brain injury patients' body temperatures and employ evidence-based infection prevention and control measures to minimize their infection risks. Respiratory care and intensive care unit Liberation Bundle should be reinforced to liberate these patients from mechanical ventilation and its associated complications.