During the last decade, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has emerged as a new technology for seismic acquisition. DAS has the potential to reduce the cost of permanent monitoring operations over time as it offers long equipment survivability and requires minimum maintenance. However, broad adoption of DAS technology still faces some challenges, such as low sensitivity and high levels of noise compared to conventional seismic sensors. Recent developments in fiber-optic systems and cable designs aim to overcome these limitations. To understand how DAS can be used in monitoring applications, it is important to know how it behaves with varying offsets and incidence angles. An offset VSP survey was acquired, at the CO2CRC Otway Project, using a straight single-mode fiber, a straight "enhancedbackscatter" fiber, and a conventional three-component geophone tool. The results from this survey show that DAS has the potential to provide similar, or even superior, quality data sets as conventional geophones.

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is a rapidly developing technology particularly useful for the acquisition of vertical seismic profile (VSP) surveys. DAS data are increasingly used for seismic imaging, but not for estimating rock properties. We propose a workflow for estimating elastic properties of the subsurface using full waveform inversion (FWI) of DAS VSP data. Whereas conventional borehole geophones usually measure three components of particle velocity, DAS measures a single quantity, which is an approximation of the strain or strain rate along the fiber. Standard FWI algorithms are developed for particle velocity data, and hence their application to DAS data requires conversion of these data to particle velocity along the fiber. This conversion can be accomplished by a specially designed filter. Field measurements show that the conversion result is close to vertical particle velocity as measured by geophones. Elastic time-domain FWI of a synthetic multi-offset VSP dataset for a vertical well shows that the inversion of the vertical component alone is sufficient to recover elastic properties of the subsurface. Application of the proposed workflow to a multioffset DAS dataset acquired at the CO2CRC Otway Project site in Victoria, Australia reveals salient subhorizontal layering consistent with known geology of the site. The inverted VP model at the well location matches the upscaled VP log with a correlation coefficient of 0.85.

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