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Topography of the field and new avenues of research In 1904, Frederick Soddy, who would later receive the Nobel Prize for his seminal studies in radiochemistry, speculated that the "new alchemists" who had unlocked the awe-inspiring power of the atom would "turn wastelands green, melt the polar ice caps, and transform the planet into a friendly Garden of Eden." But he also predicted that the state to possess the first viable atomic weapon would achieve world domination. 1 The significance of nuclear technology, at once promising and terrible, shaped the following decades as the Atomic Age dawned. In 1972, the Soviet nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate Petr Kapitsa observed that modern science now had the ability "not only to annihilate but also to stimulate life at a global scale." 2

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