Considering insights from ‘third-wave’ literature, this paper examines the impact of young women’s online activism on the visibility of feminist engagement in New Zealand. Drawing on 40 interviews with women of all ages who are concerned with women’s political issues in New Zealand, I identify a generational divide in the ways these women participated in feminist activities and I argue that online activism is a key form of participation for many young women. Since online activism is only visible to those who use it, this form of participation hides many young women’s activities from the wider public and from politically active women of older generations. Many of my older interview participants were not aware of the political energy young women put into online communities such as blogs and Facebook. Thus they expressed concern that there would not be enough young women to pick up their work once they retired. However, the young women in my study used new media to connect with and support each other, to have political discussions and to organize events in the ‘real world’. The young women valued new media for its flexibility, accessibility and ability to reach large groups of people. Moreover, they appreciated its easy and low-cost use. The paper concludes that political online work offers many opportunities for feminist participation, but it excludes people not using new media, and thus contributes to the enhancement of a generational divide among women engaging with feminism.

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) possess a type 3 secretion system (T3SS) to deliver effector proteins into its Solanaceous host plants. These proteins are involved in suppression of plant defense and in reprogramming of plant metabolism to favour bacterial propagation. There is increasing evidence that hexoses contribute to defense responses. They act as substrates for metabolic processes and as metabolic semaphores to regulate gene expression. Especially an increase in the apoplastic hexose-to-sucrose ratio has been suggested to strengthen plant defense. This shift is brought about by the activity of cell wall-bound invertase (cw-Inv). We examined the possibility that Xcv may employ type 3 effector (T3E) proteins to suppress cw-Inv activity during infection. Indeed, pepper leaves infected with a T3SS-deficient Xcv strain showed a higher level of cw-Inv mRNA and enzyme activity relative to Xcv wild type infected leaves. Higher cw-Inv activity was paralleled by an increase in hexoses and mRNA abundance for the pathogenesis-related gene PRQ. These results suggest that Xcv suppresses cw-Inv activity in a T3SS-dependent manner, most likely to prevent sugar-mediated defense signals. To identify Xcv T3Es that regulate cw-Inv activity, a screen was performed with eighteen Xcv strains, each deficient in an individual T3E. Seven Xcv T3E deletion strains caused a significant change in cw-Inv activity compared to Xcv wild type. Among them, Xcv lacking the xopB gene (Xcv ΔxopB) caused the most prominent increase in cw-Inv activity. Deletion of xopB increased the mRNA abundance of PRQ in Xcv ΔxopB-infected pepper leaves, but not of Pti5 and Acre31, two PAMP-triggered immunity markers. Inducible expression of XopB in transgenic tobacco inhibited Xcv-mediated induction of cw-Inv activity observed in wild type plants and resulted in severe developmental phenotypes. Together, these data suggest that XopB interferes with cw-Inv activity in planta to suppress sugar-enhanced defense responses during Xcv infection.

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Published reports on the more recent work are by Ferris (1966) on the gneissic basement near Encampment, and by Ebbett (1970) on the metasedimentary rocks. Geologic maps of the various areas are available through the Geological Survey of Wyoming, Laramie. No age determinations are available for the Sierra Madre, but extensive collections have been made by F. Allan Hills and R. S. Houston and are currently being studied by Hills at the State University of New York at Buffalo.