The different colour phases of the European red squirrel occuring in Ukraine were analysed in a morphological context. They are indicated in the literature as different subspecies of Sciurus vulgaris L. and described only based on their coat colouration. In Ukraine, at least three colour phases occur: dark (black and brown), red, and light red, which in natural habitats occur separately from one another. These phases co-occur in human settlements and at different altitudes, in particular at the boundary of the lowland and piedmont zones and of piedmont and mountainbelts. The aim of the present study was to find some other morphological differences between the red squirrel’s phases in Ukraine beyond their coat colouration and to reveal the possible interaction between colouration and morphological variation of the squirrels. Eighteen craniometric and four external characters were measured and analysed. Results have shown that the squirrel’s colour phases differ among themselves by some characters, although the most visible differences were revealed when all measurents were analysed together. It has been revealed that the three colour phases are stabilized types (populations) manifested in a multidimensional space as different populations with minimal overlap (up to 10%). The population of dark squirrels in Ukraine is morphologically the most distant from the light red phase and less so from the red one. The dark phase significantly differs from the red phase by 9 of 18 craniometric characters with Mayr’s coefficient of divergence (CDmin = 0.62, CDmax = 0.96). The dark phase significantly differs from the light red phase by two craniometric characters according to ANOVA, but only by one character according to Mayr’scoefficient of divergence (CD = 0.96). The red and light red phases significantly differ by four parameters having CDmin = 0.64 and CDmax = 0.76. The geographically transitional red phase is morphologically intermediate according to the results of discriminant analysis.
Polymorphism of Fur Coloration Intensity in Mammals.-Zizda, Yu.-The concept of coloration polymorphism and melanism in mammals was reviewed. It was shown that polymorphism has different types and mammals color differentiation is only one of its kinds. Three classic hypotheses on the function of coloration in mammals are known: concealment, communication, and regulation of physiological processes. The attention was focused on the mammals' coat coloration intensity and presence of black forms among mammals, including red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) for further exploration and analysis of causes of the fur coloration variability in the latter. The character of spots in mammals are reviewed only in a few examples. The dark phase of squirrels, which are common in the mountains, retains the heat better, and the black fur protects their skin from ultraviolet radiation, and provides better thermoregulation under damp mountain conditions. The gradual change in the red squirrel's coat coloration, and the presence and distribution of its dark phase in mountains are associated with the feature of distribution and apparently are obeyed to Gloger's rule. K e y w o r d s : coloration polymorphism, melanism, mammals, red squirrel, adaptation. Поліморфізм за інтенсивністю забарвлення хутра у ссавців.-Зізда, Ю.-Проведено огляд поняття кольорового поліморфізму та меланізму у ссавців. Показано, що поліморфізм має різні види і кольорова диференціація є лише одним із його видів. Для пояснення функції забарвлення ссавців відомо три гіпотези: маскування, комунікація та регулювання фізіологічних процесів. У роботі зроблено акцент на інтенсивності забарвлення хутра, наявності меланістів серед ссавців, включаючи вивірку звичайну (Sciurus vulgaris), щоб у подальшому дослідити і проаналізувати причини мінливості забарвлення хутра в останньої. Характер малюнку у ссавців розглянуто лише на кількох прикладах. Темнозабарвлене хутро вивірок, поширених у горах, краще зберігає тепло і захищає шкіру від ультрафіолетового випромінювання, чорне хутро краще забезпечує терморегуляцію у вологих умовах гір. Поступова зміна кольору хутра у вивірки звичайної, наявність і поширення темних кольорових форм у горах пов'язані із особливістю її поширення і, очевидно, підпорядковуються правилу Глогера. К л ю ч ов і слова: кольоровий поліморфізм, меланізм, ссавці, вивірка звичайна, адаптація.
Прижиттєві методи дослідження екології тварин та їх значення у дослідженнях на прикладі Sciurus vulgaris.-Зізда Ю.-Представлено огляд методик прижиттєвого дослідження тварин, які об'єднано у кілька логічних груп. Акцентовано увагу на методах, придатних для дослідження біології дендрофільних гризунів, зокрема вивірки звичайної. Групуючи різні підходи, можна отримати достатньо повну інформацію щодо поставленого питання, яке стосується біології чи екології виду. Перехід на прижиттєве вивчення тварин, збір даних за вище згаданими методиками потребує розробки еквівалентних показників до даних, отриманих за допомогою інших (не прижиттєвих) методів дослідження, з метою збереження їх інформативності і цінності. К л ю ч о в і с л о в а : прижиттєве дослідження, ссавці, вивірка. Intravital methods in research into the ecology of animals and their significance in investigations on the example of Sciurus vulgaris.-Zizda Yu.-The review of intravital techniques in research on animals arranged into several logical groups are presented. Methods suitable to use in research into the biology of tree-dwelling rodents, in particular the red squirrel, are stressed. By grouping together different approaches it is possible to obtain relatively complete information on topics that concern the biology or ecology of the species. The use of intravital methods and gathering data by the discussed here methods needs the respective development of equivalent parameters to data obtained by other (extravital) techniques in order to preserve the informativeness and valuableness of such data. K e y w o r d s : intravital methods, mammals, squirrel. Вступ З огляду на проблеми збереження видового різноманіття фауни і проблеми відновлення популяцій тих видів, що знаходяться на межі зникнення, важливими є вже розроблені заходи щодо охорони видів та їх біотопів (природно-заповідний фонд, законодавство, плани дій). Також потрібною є зміна методик вивчення вразливих видів, зокрема тих методик, що пов'язані з вилученням і вбивством тварин, на методики прижиттєвого їх дослідження, і розширення цих методик на ту частину фауни, яка поки що не потребує охорони (Загороднюк, 2003). Головна мета таких заходів-не лише бережливе ставлення до раритетної частини фауни, а й попередження зникання колись чисельних і поширених видів. Вивчення тварин із застосуванням прижиттєвих методів висвітлено як у спеціальних
An overview of information about the squirrel as one of the most notable symbol species is presented. This species is associated with a huge amount of etymological, folklore, historical, symbolic, environmental and research knowledge, initiatives, and research. That is why the squirrel has become one of the symbol species chosen by the Ukrainian Theriological Society in the cycle of annual actions "Years of Mammals". Therefore, this review is largely related to the events devoted to the Year of the Squirrel 2020 in Ukraine. Among the already traditional measures aimed at disseminating knowledge, the cycle "21 most famous facts" is presented: a collection of important information about the squirrel, its biological and behavioural characteristics, and its role in human society. Information on the use of squirrels in symbols—images on coats of arms of different cities, mentions in folklore, the use of images in other areas—is also considered. Information on the colour forms of this rodent is also given, which can be distinguished by acquaintance with squirrels common in Ukraine. Research and projects on squirrels conducted in Ukraine and neighbouring countries, including the preparation of scientific and student works, school projects and photo galleries, are noted separately. Information on the etymology and synonyms of the Ukrainian common name of the squirrel and the areas of their use are presented. The squirrel as a symbol species of 2020 in the activity of the Ukrainian Theriological Society was chosen as a symbol for the logo of the 27th Theriological School organised in Zalishchyky (the school was postponed due to the Covid pandemic). According to the established tradition, a gallery of images of the squirrel sent to the Council of the Society by Ukrainian colleagues was prepared, and the most interesting ones reflecting the plasticity of the species and the variability of its colouration are presented in this review. A photograph of the squirrel is placed on the cover of the current volume of the journal Theriologia Ukrainica (Vol. 20), and the volume itself contains two scientific articles on this species.
Report on the 19th Theriological School-Workshop "The Role of Conservation Areas in Maintaining Faunistic Complexes".-Selyunina, Z., Zizda, Yu., Zagorodniuk, I.-The 19th Theriological schoolworkshop "The role of conservation areas in the preservation of faunistic complexes" was held on 24-29 September 2012. It was organized by the Ukrainian Theriological society. There were 51 participants from different regions of Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and Azerbaijan. In total, 31 institutions were represented. The workshop was held within a few topics: Topic of plenary reports, Topic of reports and discussions about conservation areas, information section, discussions at the round table, Excursion Day and Session "New names in theriology". The Carpathian National Park was recommended as a venue for the next Theriological school; Alexander Kysselyuk was elected as a Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the next school. K e y w o r d s : Theriological school, workshop, Black Sea Biosphere reserve, Ukraine.
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