Real time information about direction and type of blood flow can be obtained with Doppler ultrasound. In the literature it was not found data obtained with this method from celiac and cranial mesenteric artery in cats. Moreover, sedation of the animal is occasionally necessary to obtain more information on any blood vessel using this method. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantitative aspects of spectral waves formed from blood flow of the celiac, cranial mesenteric, renal, external iliac, femoral, and aortic arteries in healthy cats, and to compare them with the same animals when subjected to midazolam, ketamine, and butorphanol sedation. We also measured the heart rate. Twenty healthy adult cats were evaluated. The values obtained for resistivity index and pulsatility index from the celiac artery were 0.62 ± 0.10 and 1.29 ± 0.55, and those from the mesenteric artery were 0.68 ± 0.09 and 1.37 ± 0.39, respectively. Although heart rate was higher in sedated animals, no significant statistical difference was found in case of other parameters, except celiac artery end diastolic velocity and time averaged mean velocity and iliac artery resistivity and pulsatility index. Thus, we provide the Doppler velocimetry parameter from celiac and mesenteric arteries and conclude that this protocol does not alter the values of Doppler ultrasound in the selected vessels, except the celiac and iliac arteries. ResumoInformações em tempo real da direção e tipo de fluxo sanguíneo podem ser obtidas com ultrassonografia com Doppler. Existe na literatura dados relativos a esses parâmetros, em gatos não sedados, obtidos das artérias: aorta, renal, ilíaca e femoral; no entanto não foram encontrados na literatura dados relativos às artérias celíaca e mesentérica cranial. Além disso, ocasionalmente há necessidade de sedar animais inquietos ou agressivos, para que seja possível a realização deste exame. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos quantitativos da onda espectral formada pelo fluxo sanguíneo das artérias: celíaca, mesentérica cranial, renal, ilíaca externa, femoral e aorta abdominal de gatos hígidos e comparálos aos obtidos dos mesmos animais submetidos à sedação com midazolam, cetamina e butorfanol. A frequência cardíaca também foi mensurada. Foram avaliados 20 gatos SRD adultos e saudáveis. Os valores encontrados em animais não sedados na artéria celíaca de índice de resistividade foi 0,62 ± 0,10 e índice de pulsatilidade 1,29 ± 0,55, enquanto da artéria mesentérica cranial, 0,68 ± 0,11 e 1,37 ± 0,39, respectivamente. Apesar da frequência cardíaca mais elevada nos animais sedados, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas dentre os demais parâmetros avaliados, exceto na velocidade diastólica final e velocidade média da artéria celíaca, e índice de resistividade e de pulsatilidade da artéria ilíaca. Dessa forma, foram fornecidos parâmetros dopplervelocimétricos da artéria celíaca e mesentérica cranial e conclui-se que o protocolo utilizado não alterou os valores encontrados por ultrass...

RESUMO.-[Anormalidades hematológicas, bioquímicas e hemostáticas de origem paraneoplásica em fêmeas caninas com neoplasia mamária.] Alterações laboratoriais de origem paraneoplásica são identificadas em diversos tipos de câncer de cães e gatos. Na medicina veteriná-ria, existem poucos estudos que correlacionam os achados laboratoriais anormais com o tipo e estadiamento tumorais, principalmente em cadelas com neoplasia mamária. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações hematológi-cas, bioquímicas e hemostáticas em cadelas com neoplasia mamária e relacioná-las com o estadiamento tumoral. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 24 fêmeas caninas, e os parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e hemostáticos obtidos foram relacionados com o estadiamento tumoral, realizado através do exame físico, exames de imagem e avaliação histopatológica após remoção cirúrgica. Os grupos foram organizados de acordo com o estadiamento tumoral em: Grupo 1 (estádios I e II), grupo 2 (estádio III) e grupo 3 (estádios IV e V). Observou-se anemia, leucocitose neutrofílica, monocitose, eosinofilia, trombocitose, hipoalbuminemia, hipocalcemia, hipoglicemia e diminuição de ureia sanguínea. As variáveis CHCM, PPT e RDW foram relacionadas com o estadiamento tumoral, porém sem relevância clínica. Nos testes de coagulação, o TT e o fibrinogênio apresentaram diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo associado com estadiamento tumoral. Os resultados sugerem in- Paraneoplastic laboratory abnormalities are identified in several types of cancers in dogs and cats. In veterinary medicine, particularly in mammary cancer, there are few studies that correlate abnormal laboratory findings with tumor type and staging. The aim of this study was to evaluate hematological, biochemical, and hemostatic abnormalities and correlate them with mammary tumor staging in female dogs with mammary cancer. Blood samples from 24 female dogs were evaluated, and the hematological, biochemical, and hemostatic parameters were correlated with tumor staging obtained by physical examination, imaging exams, and histopathological surgical biopsies. The groups were organized according to tumor staging: group 1 (stages I and II), group 2 (stage III), and group 3 (stages IV and V). Anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, and low blood urea were observed. The variables MCHC, TPP, and RDW were correlated with tumor staging with no clinical relevance. Thrombin time and fibrinogen were significant between the groups in the coagulation test, being associated with tumor staging. The findings suggest influence of the proinflammatory cytokines released during tumor growth.INDEX TERMS: Hyperfibrinogenemia, mammary tumor staging, paraneoplastic syndromes, laboratory parameters.

Background: Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that allows vascular anatomical and dynamics evaluation. Each artery has flow velocity profiles and different Doppler spectrum. The purpose of this study was to determine if sedation with acepromazine and butorphanol in dogs alters Doppler velocimetric values and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries of healthy dogs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy female dogs, aged 1 to 5 years, with body weight ranging from 10 to 25 kg, were evaluated with Doppler ultrasound in order to obtain: peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, time average medium velocity, time average maximum velocity, resistive index, pulsatility index, and diameter from abdominal aorta, celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal, external iliac and femoral arteries. The same animals were sedated with acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg) and buthorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) and the same parameters were reevaluated. The heart rate was also measured. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of UFRGS, under the 25552 protocol, and the owners signed an informed consent form. Statistical analysis was performed with pared t test.The heart rate was statistically significant different, 98 ± 20.13 bpm before and 79 ± 17.74 after sedation. The exam was done before and after sedation in all selected vessels, except the celiac and cranial mesenteric artery, which were possible only in 35% and 45% respectively. All measured arteries exhibit difference in at least two of the analyzed parameters, except femoral artery, that only diameter was different.Discussion: Each vessel was selected because of its importance, and each of them has its own characteristic waveform. Changes in patterns of flow velocity of the celiac artery and mesenteric can help to determine the physiological condition of the gastrointestinal tract; in the case of renal arteries are associated with diseases involving parenchyma and; thrombosis in the aorta and the iliac and femoral arteries may be difficult to evaluate without the Doppler image. Examination of the AC and AMC before and after sedation not could be performed in all animals, maybe because the present work was carried out with only fasting requirement, without using dimethicone, and one of the difficulties encountered was the presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract. Another factor that may have contributed to these findings is that the acute stress of containment and other environmental factors can cause release of vasopressin and leads to vasoconstriction of the splanchnic vascular bed. The dopplervelocimetric data found in celiac, mesenteric cranial, renal and femoral arteries in non-sedated animals was similar to what was described by other authors. Although all dogs demonstrated relaxation during the exam, this sedation protocol alters the values found with Doppler ultrasound in the selected vessels, except femoral artery, which caused only increase of diameter. The Doppler differences found can be a consequence of a decrease in heart rate associated with longer cycle length, and therefore, larger diastolic volume with vessels that stayed with same diameter, or in case of caudal abdominal aorta, that reduced the diameter. This study compared the dopplervelocimetric values to the ones described by other authors in non-sedated animals and demonstrated that although acepromazine and buthorphanol are a good option to sedate dogs to perform ultrasound exam, they alter the Doppler values from aorta abdominal, celiac, cranial mesenteric, renal, external iliac arteries and the femoral artery diameter.

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Background: Two classifications are used to categorize cavitary effusions using total nucleated cell count (TNCC): protein concentration and pathophysiology of its formation. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the correlation between the TNCC values of cavitary effusions obtained in the automatic and the manual method, and also evaluating the classification methodology. Materials, Methods & Results: Cavitary effusions were analyzed for physical, chemical and cytological aspects, as well as manual and automatic cell counts for the correlation between the traditional methods and those suggested by Stockham & Scott. Bland-Altman regression and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. Of the total, 44 were abdominal effusions (73.3%), 15 thoracic (25%) and 1 pericardial (1.7%). According to the traditional classification, most of the effusions were classified as modified transudates (40%) and according to the classification of Stockham and Scott, as transudates poor in protein (31.7%). The correlation between cell counting techniques between pure, modified and exudate transudates was 0.94, 0.97 and 0.94, respectively, indicating an excellent correlation between the parameters (p = 0.95%).Discussion: Considering the concentration of proteins and CCNT, the effusions classified as modified transudate were mainly caused by neoplastic processes (carcinomas/adenocarcinomas), since there are several mechanisms of their formation, such as large variation of protein concentration. According to the Stockham & Scott classification a unique classification is considered for exfoliative neoplastic effusions, the variation of the protein concentration of the effusion does not alter its classification. In neoplastic effusions, classified as exudates, lymphomas were the most prevalent, and hypercellularity (approximately 150,000 cells / μL) allowed this classification. When considering low-protein transudates, the findings related to low concentrations did not differ much from the traditional classification. In the ruptures of viscera and vessels, the hemorrhagic ones were the most frequent, thus, the cytological diagnosis is essential, since it can give information about the contamination with blood during the collection. Most of these were due to neoplasia as the underlying cause. A case of chylotorax was diagnosed by comparing cholesterol and triglyceride values of effusion and serum. In cases of uroperitoneum, the presence of urine in the abdominal cavity promotes the dilution of the fluid from the cavity, being initially classified as pure transudate and, with its permanence in the cavity, increasing the CCNT, becomes an exudate. As in cases of exfoliative neoplastic effusions, the classification of the uroperitoneum, according to Stockham & Scott, is classified directly into effusion due to rupture of the viscera, giving a quick and clear diagnosis. According to Stockham & Scott, cases classified as nonseptic exudates (n = 3), two of which resulted from feline infectious peritonitis (PIF). The effusive form of PIF presents with accumulations of fluid in the abdomen, having an inflammatory character, but according to the traditional classification, they enter the category of modified transudates, because, despite containing protein concentrations close to or above the serum level, they present a CCNT lower than an exudate. Cavitary effusions were classified as septic exudates when intracellular bacteria were present and in the present study, two effusions were classified as such in two patients, one with septic peritonitis and in the other the final diagnosis was not found. The high values of Spearman correlation coefficients found when comparing the automatic counts with the manual demonstrate that there is an excellent correlation between the methods and, the Bland-Altman test showed significant agreement between them.