AbstRACt. Euphorbia heterophylla L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a herbaceous species of great economic importance due to its invasive potential and consequent damage to agriculture and pasture land. For the first time, we provide information on its chromosome number, morphology, and behavior of mitotic chromosomes. Seeds were germinated and submitted to four treatments to obtain metaphases: 0.5% colchicine for 2 to 5 h, at ambient temperature; 0.5% colchicine for 16 to 24 h; 0.0029 M 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) for 2 to 5 h at ambient temperature, and 0.0029 M 8-HQ for 16 to 24 h at 4°C. The material was then fixed in methanol:acetic acid (3:1) and kept at -20°C for 24 h. Roots were macerated in the enzyme solution of Flaxzyme™ (NOVO FERMENT™)-distilled water (1:40) at 34°C for 2 h and later fixed again. Chromosome preparations were obtained by the dissociation of the apical meristems. The best chromosome preparations were obtained with the use of 8-HQ for 21 h 30 min at 4°C. E. heterophylla showed 2n = 28 chromosomes. The short arm of the largest pair of chromosomes of the complement (pair number 1) displayed a secondary constriction while the nucleolus was observed in the interphasic cell. Structural rearrangements were also observed in the E. heterophylla L. genome. The genomic instability associated with polyploidy may be the result of selection shaped by environmental adaptations and/or human-induced manipulation through agricultural practices.
RESUMO -A avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes é um aspecto importante para o controle das plantas daninhas. Objetivou-se verificar a viabilidade de sementes de Euphorbia heterophylla resistentes e suscetíveis a herbicidas, após serem armazenadas durante 14 meses, por meio da aplicação dos testes de germinação e tetrazólio. Foi analisada a germinação na ausência e presença de luz, em temperatura constante (25 °C). Para o teste de tetrazólio, as sementes foram seccionadas longitudinal-diagonalmente, colocadas em placas de Petri contendo solução de tetrazólio a 1%, envoltas em papel-alumínio e mantidas a 30 °C, no escuro e em estufa, por 18 horas. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os biótipos resistentes e suscetíveis de E. heterophylla em ambos os testes. As sementes mantiveram-se viáveis durante o período de armazenamento. As médias de viabilidade das sementes no teste de tetrazólio foram superiores àquelas obtidas nos testes de germinação, sugerindo que, apesar da viabilidade, as sementes de E. heterophylla apresentam dormência quando armazenadas por 14 meses.Palavras-chave: dormência, Euphorbiaceae, germinação, planta daninha, resistência, tetrazólio.ABSTRACT -The evaluation of the physiological quality of seeds is an important aspect in weed control. The viability of Euphorbia heterophylla seeds resistant and susceptible to herbicides stored for 14 months was verified using germination and tetrazolium tests. Germination was analyzed in the absence and presence of light at constant temperature (25 °C). For the tetrazolium test, seeds were longitudinally and diagonally sectioned, placed in Petri plates containing tetrazolium solution at 1%, wrapped in aluminum foil and maintained at 30 °C in a dark chamber for 18 hours. Resistant and susceptible biotypes of E. heterophylla did not differ statistically in both tests. Seeds were maintained viable during the storage period. The average viability of the seeds submitted to the tetrazolium test was higher than that of the germination tests, suggesting that, despite viability, E. heterophylla seeds present dormancy when stored for 14 months.
RESUMO -O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos do chlorimuron-ethyl, inibidor da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS), no crescimento foliar (largura e comprimento) e em altura de plantas de Euphorbia heterophylla suscetíveis e resistentes aos herbicidas inibidores da ALS, aos 30 dias após a aplicação do herbicida. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 11 repetições por dose aplicada do herbicida. Foram observadas respostas diferenciais entre os biótipos. As características analisadas variaram segundo a dose utilizada do herbicida. Nenhuma das doses experimentais, incluindo a comercial, foi capaz de controlar, eficientemente, o desenvolvimento das plantas resistentes.Palavras-chave: Euphorbiaceae, herbicida, planta daninha, resistência, ALS.ABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to verify the effects of chlorimuron-ethyl (classic), an inhibitor of acetolactate synthase (ALS) on leaf growth (width and length) and plant height of Euphorbia heterophylla, susceptible or resistant to ALS inhibitors, 30 days after herbicide application. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely randomized design with 11 repetitions per herbicide dosage applied. Differential responses were observed between the two biotypes. The characteristics analyzed varied according to herbicide dose. None of the experimental dosages, including the commercially recommended one, allowed an efficient control of the development of resistant plants.Keywords: Euphorbiaceae, herbicide, weed, resistant, susceptible. INTRODUÇÃOO uso freqüente de um mesmo herbicida ou herbicidas com ação em um único local de uma via metabólica tem permitido a seleção de plantas resistentes a esses compostos quí-micos. Dentre os fatores que permitem o desenvolvimento da resistência, a diversidade genética das plantas daninhas é uma resposta evolutiva importante para a sobrevivência das espécies em áreas agrícolas (Monquero & Christoffoleti, 2001).Os herbicidas interferem em processos vitais para as plantas, podendo alterar ou bloquear uma série de eventos fisiológicos e metabólicos que inviabilizam o desenvolvimento
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