No abstract

-The present study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of feeding dairy cows with organic or inorganic sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) on blood concentrations of these minerals, blood metabolic profiles, nutrient intake and milk yield and composition. Nineteen Holstein cows were selected and randomly assigned to two groups for receiving organic (n = 9) or inorganic (n = 10) sources of Zn, Cu and Se from 60 days before the expected date of calving to 80 days of lactation. Samples of feed, orts and milk were collected for analysis. Body condition score (BCS) was determined and blood samples were collected for analysis of Zn, Cu and Se concentrations, as well as for metabolic profile.Supplying organic or inorganic sources of Zn, Cu, and Se did not affect dry matter and nutrient intake, blood metabolic profile, milk yield and composition, plasma concentration of these minerals, and BCS or change the BCS in cows from 60 days before the expected date of calving to 80 days of lactation. An effect of time was observed on all feed intake variables, plasma concentrations of Zn and Se, milk yield, milk protein content, BCS and change in BCS.

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of oral calcium administration on clinical cure, survival, subsequent presentation of peripartal health disorders, and reproductive performance of Holstein cows diagnosed with puerperal metritis (PM) under certified organic management. A second objective was to evaluate the metabolic status at calving and at the time of PM diagnosis (d 0) in affected and matched healthy cows. Cows diagnosed with PM (n = 200) were assigned randomly to receive 1 of 2 treatments: (1) control received 3.75 mL of Optimum UterFlush [Van Beek Natural Science, Orange City, IA, containing yucca extract, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and a proprietary blend of carvacrol (4-isopropyl-2-methylphenol, at 0.47 g/mL)] diluted in 117 mL of distilled water by intrauterine infusion, administered every other day for a total of 3 treatments (n = 100); (2) calcium-supplemented (CA) received the same intrauterine treatment plus 6 oral capsules providing calcium ('O' Cal-D Cap, Bio-Vet Inc., Barneveld, WI; 7.5-9.0 g of Ca/capsule) once per day, for 3 consecutive days after diagnosis of PM. All cows received hypertonic saline solution (500 mL of 7.2% solution i.v. once), dextrose (500 mL of 50% solution i.v. once), and oral aspirin (5 boluses/d for 3 d). Outcome variables included fever, presence of fetid vaginal discharge, and uterine score at d 6 and 14 after diagnosis, survival at 30 and 100 d in milk, reproductive performance, and incidence of other health disorders after PM. A group of 200 control healthy cows (CH) was matched with PM cows at d 0, and calcium and fatty acid serum concentrations were determined at calving and at the day of diagnosis of PM (d 0). Calcium status was also assessed in PM cows at d 1, 2, 3, and 6 after diagnosis. Treatment effects were tested by logistic regression, repeated measures analysis, and ANOVA. Average calcium serum concentrations at d 0 were lower in PM cows (1.57 mmol/L) compared with CH cows (2.10 mmol/L). In PM cows, calcium concentrations at d 1, 2, 3, and 6 after diagnosis were significantly higher in the CA group. Fatty acid serum concentrations at calving and at d 0 were higher in PM cows compared with CH cows (0.48 vs. 0.37 mmol/L and 0.49 vs. 0.35 mmol/L, for calving and d 0). No effect was observed for calcium administration on health and survival outcomes. However, the proportion of cows inseminated by 150 d in milk was greater for CA compared with control cows (66 vs. 55%). In conclusion, supplementing oral calcium at the time of diagnosing PM had no effect on health. High fatty acid concentrations at calving were significant risk factors for occurrence of PM. Furthermore, cows affected with PM had lower calcium and higher fatty acid concentrations than CH cows at d 0.

Se ha estudiado la cinética de pardeamiento no enzimático de zumos clarificados de manzana de dos variedades (Granny Smith y Jonagold), con diferentes contenidos en sólidos solubles y a distintas temperaturas (60, 70, 80, 85, 90, y 95°C). El seguimiento de la cinética se realizó midiendo la variación de la absorbancia a 420 nm (A 420). De los distintos modelos cinéticos ensayados, se obtuvieron los mejores ajustes con el orden cero. El efecto de la temperatura sobre las constantes cinéticas puede describirse mediante ecuaciones tipo Arrhenius. El efecto del contenido en sólidos solubles sobre los parámetros de la ecuación de Arrhenius puede describirse mediante ecuaciones tipo potencial. Para el intervalo de concentraciones y temperaturas estudiadas, los zumos de la variedad Granny Smith presentaron un pardeamiento más pronunciado que los de la variedad Jonagold.

Ao meu amado pai, Márcio Antonio Naves, alicerce da minha família e vida. Simplesmente, um exemplo de força e perseverança.À minha linda e amada mãe, Lucília de Rezende Naves, pela amizade e companheirismo, símbolo da mulher forte e dedicada. Obrigada por nunca conter esforços para proporciona-me o melhor, além do constante apoio às minhas decisões.Ao meu amado irmão, Adriano de Rezende Naves, pelos caminhos percorridos, pelos ensinamentos, pela arte de perdoar e ceder.Às famílias, Naves e Rezende, por ensinar que a família é o ponto inicial e final, fundamental no crescimento do ser humano.Ao meu namorado, Ailton Rosa Júnior, amigo, confidente e companheiro. Esteve ao meu lado em todas as fases, principalmente, as difíceis. Com sua calma e inteligência auxiliou-me da melhor forma possível. Você é imprescindível.À família, Rosa, com seu acolhimento e incentivos diários, ensinou-me a amá-los como a minha nova família. nitrogenadas controle e as que possuem diferentes degradabilidades, a ração com grão de soja resultou em redução da produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura e produção de gordura. Houve aumento no teor e produção de proteína para a ração controle, dentre as demais. Os teores de proteína bruta no leite, nitrogênio não caseinoso e proteína verdadeira foram maiores para vacas alimentadas com ração controle. As concentrações de colesterol total e colesterol-HDL foram maiores para as vacas alimentadas com rações contendo grão de soja. consecutives days in each period. Ruminal fluid samples were collected using an esophageal probe three hours after the morning fedding. Digestibility was determined using ADFi as an internal indicator. There was an increase in ether extract intake in cows fed raw soybean ration, compared with other treatments. It was observed a reduction in apparent digestibility of CP in the diets of medium degradability. It was not observed effects of treatments in ruminal pH, however, concentration of ruminal ammonia was lower for cows fed whole soybeans. Cows fed raw soybean produced less 3,5% fat milk and lower fat yield. M i l k c r u d e p r o t e i n a n d p r o t e i n y i e l d w a s h i g h e r f o r c o w s f e d c o n t r o l d i e t . Milk crude protein, non-casein nitrogen and true protein were higher for cows fed control diet. Concentrations of total cholesterol and cholesterol-HDL were higher for cows that received soybean, compared with the others treatments. Concentrations of urea and serum urea nitrogen were lower in cows fed soybean ration. The concentrations of urea and milk urea nitrogen were similar between the treatments. Feeding nitrogen sources with different degradability rates in sugar cane based diets for dairy cows not change intake and production performance but change milk crude protein and true protein. Feeding soybean as protein source decreases protein total apparent digestibility. A vocês, dedico este trabalho com muito amor e carinho!