Planejamento familiar na perspectiva do desenvolvimento Family planning under the view of developmentResumo O presente ensaio tem como objetivo analisar criticamente as limitações atuais do planejamento familiar aplicado na saúde pública e propor mudanças considerando o modelo das ciências sociais aplicadas à saúde e a perspectiva do desenvolvimento familiar. A proposta deste trabalho surgiu do elevado número de mulheres que solicitara o auxílio maternidade na região do Recôncavo da Bahia no ano de 2006. Através da aná-lise das variáveis e dos métodos envolvidos no planejamento familiar, foi possível verificar as seguintes falhas: responsabilidade e participação exclusiva das mulheres, foco no indivíduo, o número de filhos como principal meta do planejamento, modelo biológico, desconsideração dos aspectos socioculturais. Neste ensaio, apresentamos a proposta de planejamento familiar na perspectiva do desenvolvimento, que será testada como modelo de intervenção em um estudo futuro. Palavras-chave Planejamento familiar, Variá-veis socioeconômicas, Desenvolvimento familiar

Sugarcane bagasse pretreated by three different procedures (with 2% [v/v] polyethyleneimine (PEI), with 2% [w/v] NaOH, or with a sequence of NaOH and PEI) was used as cell immobilization carrier for xylitol production by Candida guilliermondii yeast. Fermentations using these pretreated carriers were performed in semidefined medium and in a hydrolysate medium produced from sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose. Sugarcane bagasse pretreated with NaOH was the best carrier obtained with respect to immobilization efficiency, because it was able to immobilize a major quantity of cells (0.30 g of cells/g of bagasse). Fermentation in semidefined medium using the NaOH-pretreated carrier attained a high efficiency of xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion (96% of the theoretical value). From hydrolysate medium, the bioconversion efficiency was lower (63%), probably owing to the presence of other substances in the medium that caused an inadequate mass transfer to the cells. In this fermentation medium, better results with relation to xylitol production were obtained by using PEI-pretreated carrier (xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion of 81% of the theoretical and volumetric productivity of 0.43 g/[L.h]). The results showed that sugarcane bagasse is a low-cost material with great potential for use as cell immobilization carrier in the fermentative process for xylitol production.

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In spite of the limited sources of fossil fuels, energy demand has been considerably increased since the last century. The problems associated with global warming due to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels and scarcity of fossil fuels make it imperative to reduce our heavy dependency on fossil fuels. These reasons forced countries throughout the world to search for new fuel alternatives. Biofuel have gathered considerable attention due to their inherent benefits, like lower greenhouse gas emission, renewability, and sustainability. Commercially, biofuels are produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, and carbohydrates by using transesterification and fermentation.However, biofuel production suffers from high production costs and other technical barriers. Considering the environmental and economic issues, use of nanotechnology seems to be a viable solution. Nanoparticles have a number of interesting properties for the production of second-generation ethanol or transesterification of oils and fats to yield biodiesel. It is advantageous for recovery and reuse of catalysts. The present review discusses the role of nanotechnology in the production of bioethanol and biodiesel. Moreover, applications of nanoparticles for the production of biodiesel and second-generation ethanol with special reference to enzyme immobilization and chemical nano-catalysis have been described. Keywords: biodiesel; biofuel; ethanol; immobilization; nanotechnology; renewable resources Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content. Please, subscribe or login to access all content.

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