This paper describes the historical evolution of the Spanish causative micro-constructions with the motion verbs llevar (‘take’) and traer (‘bring’) (e.g., el miedo llevó al ladrón a cometer un error, ‘the fear caused the thief to make a mistake’). In order to reconstruct the historical development of these micro-constructions between the 13th and 20th centuries, all causative uses of llevar and traer were extracted from the Corpus del Diccionario Histórico. This corpus was annotated for a series of formal and semantic parameters that count as indexes of grammaticalization, and was submitted to a quantitative productivity analysis. The results point to the existence of a subschema formed of verbs of caused accompanied motion, which has semantically specialized in the expression of indirect causation. From a formal point of view, this subschema is characterized by a low level of syntactic incorporation of the causative verb and the infinitive. In addition, it is shown that the productivity of the causative micro-constructions under study is determined by semantic changes experienced by llevar and traer as full lexical verbs during the history of Spanish. The late development of the micro-construction with llevar is explained by the initial tendency of this verb to express motion events not bounded by an endpoint. From the 16th century onwards, the decline in the micro-construction with traer and the rise in the micro-construction with llevar results from the consolidation of the deictic meaning of the verb pair.
Whereas in the late 90s the universal character of many embodied conceptual metaphors was overemphasised, in the last years some authors have claimed that culture plays a crucial role in the motivation of all kinds of conceptual metaphors, including those grounded on universal bodily experiences. In order to shed some light on this issue, we carry out a contrastive analysis of conceptual metaphors with basic tastes as a source domain in Spanish and in English. To this end, we employ a mixed approach, combining data from dictionaries and linguistic corpora. Our analysis reveals that variation is higher at the level of linguistic expression and lower, but still significant, at the conceptual level. Although most taste metaphors are shared by Spanish and English, a few language-specific conceptual metaphors are also found, proving that food culture has an influence on the motivation of conceptual metaphors.
Reseña de: Fernández Jaén, J. y H. Provencio Garrigós (eds.) (2020). Changes in meaning and function. Studies in historical linguistics with a focus on Spanish. Amsterdam / Filadelfia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 332 Páginas. ISBN 9789027205360.
La ironía es un fenómeno complejo que puede suponer un verdadero reto para los aprendientes de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE). Sin embargo, los enunciados irónicos presentan marcas e indicadores que pueden facilitar al estudiante su aprendizaje. El objetivo de este trabajo es ofrecer una propuesta didáctica para enseñar las marcas prosódicas y kinésicas de la ironía, ante la falta de recursos que aborden estos rasgos. Para ello, nos basamos en los parámetros del método verbo-tonal y adoptamos un enfoque fonocognitivo, que abarca tanto la percepción como la producción de enunciados irónicos. Con la ayuda del programa informático PRAAT, de una metáfora visual y de diversos materiales audiovisuales, los estudiantes serán capaces de reconocer las particularidades del patrón entonativo de la ironía (subida de la f0, aumento de la duración), así como sus indicadores kinésicos (guiños, miradas, sonrisas, etcétera).
Las perífrasis resultativas <tener + participio> y <llevar + participio> presentan una particular complejidad para los aprendientes de español, que se ve agravada por una desatención generalizada en los materiales de Español como Lengua Extranjera (ELE). En este estudio, en primer lugar, llevamos a cabo un análisis del tratamiento que han recibido estas perífrasis en algunos manuales y gramáticas de ELE. Constatamos que, en la mayoría de casos, se han dado explicaciones insuficientes, confusas o excesivamente metalingüísticas de estas construcciones. Tras confirmar la necesidad de actualizar la enseñanza de <tener + participio> y <llevar + participio>, llevamos a cabo una propuesta de sistematización de su tratamiento basándonos en los fundamentos teóricos de la gramática cognitiva y en los parámetros de la atención a la forma (focus on form). Por último, ofrecemos una secuencia de actividades original para aprender y practicar las perífrasis resultativas de forma significativa.
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