Certain ciliary signaling proteins couple with the BBSome, a conserved complex of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, to load onto retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) trains for their removal out of cilia in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Here, we show that loss of the Arf-like 6 (ARL6) GTPase BBS3 causes the signaling protein phospholipase D (PLD) to accumulate in cilia. Upon targeting to the basal body, BBSomes enter and cycle through cilia via IFT, while BBS3 in a GTP-bound state separates from BBSomes, associates with the membrane, and translocates from the basal body to cilia by diffusion. Upon arriving at the ciliary tip, GTP-bound BBS3 binds and recruits BBSomes to the ciliary membrane for interacting with PLD, thus making the PLD-laden BBSomes available to load onto retrograde IFT trains for ciliary exit. Therefore, BBS3 promotes PLD exit from cilia via the BBSome providing a regulatory mechanism for ciliary signaling protein removal out of cilia.

BackgroundThe soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a “generally recognized as safe”-certified strain with robust property and versatile metabolism. Thus, it is an ideal candidate for synthetic biology, biodegradation, and other biotechnology applications. The known genome editing approaches of Pseudomonas are suboptimal; thus, it is necessary to develop a high efficiency genome editing tool.ResultsIn this study, we established a fast and convenient CRISPR–Cas9 method in P. putida KT2440. Gene deletion, gene insertion and gene replacement could be achieved within 5 days, and the mutation efficiency reached > 70%. Single nucleotide replacement could be realized, overcoming the limitations of protospacer adjacent motif sequences. We also applied nuclease-deficient Cas9 binding at three locations upstream of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) for transcriptional inhibition, and the expression intensity of eGFP reduced to 28.5, 29.4, and 72.1% of the control level, respectively. Furthermore, based on this CRISPR–Cas9 system, we also constructed a CRISPR–Cpf1 system, which we validated for genome editing in P. putida KT2440.ConclusionsIn this research, we established CRISPR based genome editing and regulation control systems in P. putida KT2440. These fast and efficient approaches will greatly facilitate the application of P. putida KT2440. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-0887-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Inflammation is the hallmark of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced mastitis. Given the interesting relationship between selenium levels and inflammation, this study aimed to demonstrate that selenium modulated the inflammation reaction by suppressing the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways. RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with three different concentrations (1μmol/l, 1.5μmol/l, and 2μmol/l) of Na2SeO3 for 12h before infection with S. aureus for 6h, 8h, and 10h. The results showed that selenium significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, the release of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 was decreased significantly with selenium supplementation. In addition, selenium influenced the NF-κB signalling pathway by suppressing the activation of NF-κB p65 and degradation of inhibitory kappa-B (IκB). Selenium also suppressed extracellular regulated protein kinase (Erk), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Jnk), and p38 phosphorylation through the MAPK signalling pathway. In conclusion, selenium played an anti-inflammation role in RAW264.7 macrophages infected with S. aureus by suppressing the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways.