Within the limitations of this study, high usages and ownerships of smartphones were found amongst the students surveyed. The individually designed virtual 3D instructional models as supplemental teaching materials in the pre-clinical course were perceived positively by the students.

This study explores the competency of airlines' ground service staff and how to narrow the gap between academia and industry. Using the Developing A Curriculum (DACUM) method, which identifies and describes the competencies required for a job, observation of the workplace, and the opinion of experts, this study offers recommendations for the development of curriculums from both academic and industrial perspectives. The results show that the competency profile of airline ground service staff contains 8 duties, 129 tasks, and 101 competencies, including 31 items of knowledge, 34 items of skills, and 36 items of attitudes. It further shows that certain courses need to be included in interdisciplinary education. These include knowledge of the aviation industry, integration ability, an introduction to crime prevention, an understanding of the tourism industry,