A leveler is one of the key additives for the defect-free filling of Through Silicon Via. The convection dependent behavior of a leveler is required to achieve successful gap-filling of Cu. Levelers occasionally contain charged functional groups and the counter anions. The charged functional groups obviously determine the characteristics of the leveler, and counter anions also influence the electrochemical behavior and Cu gap-filling. In this study, we synthesize levelers that have two quaternary ammoniums and different counter anions. The electrochemical behavior of the synthesized levelers and the effect of the counter anions on Cu gap-filling are described.

Lanthanide complexes with two push-pull diketone derivatives as sensitizers have been developed as synthons for near-infrared emitting materials. The ligand substituents consist of a carbazole moiety with hole-transport properties and an aromatic or heteroaromatic unit. According to quantitative NMR analysis and complementary HPLC experiments, the diketones are predominantly in their enolic form in polar solvents such as THF and MeCN at room temperature. The preferred cis-enol form contributes strongly to the binding of lanthanide ions (Ln = Nd, Gd, Er). The resulting tris(diketonate) ternary complexes with terpyridine (Ln = Nd, Er) display sizeable near-IR emission with long luminescence lifetimes.

In this study, we synthesized a leveler that contained two quaternary ammonium groups attached to hexaethylene glycol. The leveler enabled void-and seam-less Cu filling of the microvia. The convection-dependent adsorption of the leveler was assessed through electrochemical analyses such as linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry on a rotating disk electrode, and the effect of convection on the adsorption of the leveler is interpreted in terms of adsorption diffusion model. In a Koutecký-Levich plot, the enhanced adsorption and inhibition of the leveler at the higher convection was clearly observed with the synthesized leveler.

Lanthanide(III)-cored complex as a wavelength conversion material has been successfully designed and synthesized for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells, for the first time, since light with a short wavelength has not been effectively used for generating electric power owing to the limited absorption of these DSSCs in the UV region. A black dye (BD) was chosen and used as a sensitizer, because BD has a relatively weak light absorption at shorter wavelengths. The overall conversion efficiency of the BD/WCM device was remarkably increased, even with the relatively small amount of WCM added to the device. The enhancement in V oc by WCM, like DCA, could be correlated with the suppression of electron recombination between the injected electrons and I 3 − ions. Furthermore, the short-circuit current density was significantly increased by WCM with a strong UV light-harvesting effect. The energy transfer from the Eu(III)-cored complex to the TiO 2 film occurred via the dye, so the number of electrons injected into the TiO 2 surface increased, i.e., the short-circuit current density was increased. As a result, BD/WCM-sensitized solar cells exhibit superior device performance with the enhanced conversion efficiency by a factor of 1.22 under AM 1.5 sunlight: The photovoltaic performance of the BD/WCM-based DSSC exhibited remarkably high values, J sc of 17.72 mA/cm 2 , V oc of 720 mV, and a conversion efficiency of 9.28% at 100 mW cm . Therefore, the Eu(III)-cored complex is a promising candidate as a new wavelength conversion coadsorbent for highly efficient dyesensitized solar cells to improve UV light harvesting through energy transfer processes. The abstract should be a single paragraph which summaries the content of the article