Pullorum disease, which is one the most serious intestinal diseases in poultry production, is generally treated by adding antibiotics to the feed of infected chickens. Although antibiotics are generally quite effective against the disease, they can harm small intestinal flora and mucosa. The objective of this experiment was to determine if antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from housefly (Musca domestica) larvae can be used to treat pullorum disease. The study included AMPs extracted from Salmonella enteric serovar Pullorum-infected larvae as well as non-infected ones (referred to as induced-AMPs and non-induced AMPs, respectively). Tests were then conducted to determine (i) the activity of these AMPs against S. pullorum and (ii) the effects of the AMPs on intestinal Lactobacillus acidophilus and mucosa epithelial cells in S. pullorum-infected chicks. The results showed that S. pullorum-induced AMPs and non-induced AMPs both exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. pullorum. Small intestinal L. acidophilus populations in convalescent chicks that had been treated with induced AMPs showed similar patterns to those in healthy chicks. Induced AMPs also had relatively little effect on the number of mast cells, lymphocyte cells, and goblet cells in the small intestine of convalescent chicks compared with healthy chicks. In contrast, treatment with antibiotics generally reduced the number of all three cell types, especially in the duodenum. In conclusion, AMPs from housefly larvae offer potential for effective treatment of S. pullorum-infected chickens without the harmful side effects of antibiotics. Keywords: Larvae, Antimicrobial peptide, Salmonella Pullorum, Intestinal, Epithelial cells Karasinekteki (Musca domestica) Antimikrobiyal Peptidler Salmonella pullorum ile Enfekte Tavuklarda Bağırsak Lactobacillus acidophilus ve Mukozal Epitel Hücrelerini Etkiler ÖzetKanatlı üretiminde en ciddi bağırsak hastalıklarından birine neden olan Pullorum hastalığı genellikle enfekte tavukların yemlerine antibiyotik ilavesi ile tedavi edilir. Antibiyotikler genellikle hastalığa karşı oldukça etkili olmakla birlikte ince bağırsak florasına ve mukozaya zarar vermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; karasinek (Musca domestica) larvasındaki antimikrobiyal peptidlerin (AMP) pullorum hastalığının tedavisinde kullanılıp kullanılmayacağının belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada Salmonella enteric serovar Pullorum-enfekte (indüklenmiş AMP) ve enfekte olmayan (indüklenmemiş AMP) larvalardan ekstrakte edilen AMP kullanıldı. Çalışmada; (i) S. pullorum'a karşı AMP aktivitesi ve (ii) S. pullorum-enfekte civcivlerde bağırsak Lactobacillus acidophilus ve mukoza epitel hücrelerinde AMP etkileri araştırıldı. Elde edilen sonuçlar S. pullorum indüklenmiş AMP ve indüklenmemiş AMP'in her ikisinin de S. pullorum'a karşı antimikrobiyal aktivite gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. İndüklenmiş AMP uygulanarak tedavi edilen civcivlerin ince bağırsak L. acidophilus popülasyonu sağlıklı civcivlerinki ile benzerlik göstermekteydi. İndüklenmiş AMP; tedavi edilen civcivlerin ince...

Biogenic amines (BAs) are low-molecular-weight nitrogenous organic compounds formed by the decarboxylation of homologous amino acids. Normal metabolic activities in humans, animals, plants and microorganisms both synthesize and degrade BAs, and the amino acid decarboxylases responsible are abundant in spoilage and other food microorganisms (Alvarez & Moreno-Arribas, 2014). Putrescine, a type of BA, is not only the precursor substance of spermine and spermidine, but it can also strengthen the toxic effects of histamine and tyramine (Hernández-Orte et al., 2008), and it reacts with nitrite to generate cancerogenic nitrosamine (Shalaby, 1996). A high

Microbial degradation of biomass was considered as a clean and highly efficient approach to produce bioenergy, as it could mitigate the urgent demand for limited petroleum and natural gas. A thermophilic microbial consortium (MC1) was proved a high efficiency cellulose-degrading bacterial community in previous studies. A novel anaerobic, thermophilic, and cellulolytic bacterium (strain CSK1) was isolated from MC1. The cellulase activity characteristics of CSK1 were analyzed and evaluated by exploring new measuring conditions via the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) spectrophotometry and the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) saccharogenic power method. The results indicated that the optimal measuring wavelength, reaction temperature, and pH value, were 530 nm, 60°C and 6.0, respectively. The ideal reaction time to achieve stable and significant measuring cellulase activity was about 10 min. Cellulase of CSK1 remained stable when the temperature was below 70°C, and the pH between 5.0 and 10.0, and its activity was quickly reduced when the temperature and pH exceeded such ranges. The cellulase activity of CSK1 reached the highest level on culturing day 8, and high correlations were found among cellulase activity variation, pH and CSK1 biomass change.