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In the deep mining process of coal seams, the mechanical environment of the coal body is complex and in the state of cyclic loading and unloading. The change in the stress state leads to the change in the pore characteristics and the permeability. To investigate the effects of cyclic loading and unloading on the pore characteristics and the permeability of coal, the seepage experiment was carried out for the coal samples using the self-developed triaxial permeation instrument. By pressure confining and continuous cyclic loading and unloading, the evolution of the porosity and the permeability of the coal samples was investigated. Under the condition of the experiment, the influences of the initial value of the confining pressure and the cyclic load amplitude on the evolution of the permeability and the pore structure characteristics of the coal samples were clarified. The experimental results showed that the porosity and the permeability decreased exponentially with an increase in the number of loading and unloading cycles, and this decreasing trend gradually weakened until the porosity and the permeability became relatively stable. When the cyclic load amplitude was the same and the confining pressure increased, the effective porosity of the coal body and the bound porosity decreased. When the confining pressure was the same and the cyclic load amplitude increased, the effective porosity of the coal body decreased and the bound porosity increased. The loss rate of the permeability of the coal samples increased gradually with an increase in the cyclic load amplitude. The same tendency was observed when the cyclic load amplitude was the same, and the confining pressure was different, while the increasing trend was not so obvious. By analyzing the relationship between the porosity and the permeability of the coal samples under different cyclic loading and unloading paths, it was found that the effective porosity and the permeability of the coal samples conformed to the power–law relationship in the process of cyclic loading and unloading, and the change in the cyclic load amplitude had a significant effect on this relationship. The influences of the cyclic load amplitude and the confining pressure on the stress sensitivity of the coal samples were considered, and the change factor of the stress sensitivity was introduced into the relationship between the porosity and the permeability. This relationship was established considering cyclic loading and unloading.

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