Based on monthly monitoring data of unfiltered water, the nutrient discharges of the eight main rivers flowing into the coastal waters of China were calculated from 2006 to 2012. In 2012, the total load of NH3-N (calculated in nitrogen), total nitrogen (TN, calculated in nitrogen) and total phosphorus (TP, calculated in phosphorus) was 5.1 × 105, 3.1 × 106 and 2.8 × 105 tons, respectively, while in 2006, the nutrient load was 7.4 × 105, 2.2 × 106 and 1.6 × 105 tons, respectively. The nutrient loading from the eight major rivers into the coastal waters peaked in summer and autumn, probably due to the large water discharge in the wet season. The Yangtze River was the largest riverine nutrient source for the coastal waters, contributing 48% of the NH3-N discharges, 66% of the TN discharges and 84% of the TP discharges of the eight major rivers in 2012. The East China Sea received the majority of the nutrient discharges, i.e. 50% of NH3-N (2.7 × 105 tons), 70% of TN (2.2 × 106 tons) and 87% of TP (2.5 × 105 tons) in 2012. The riverine discharge of TN into the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea was lower than that from the direct atmospheric deposition, while for the East China Sea, the riverine TN input was larger.

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Recently, a new extension of fuzzy sets, Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFS), has attracted a lot of attention from scholars in various fields of research. Due to PFS’s powerfulness in modeling the imprecision of human perception in multicriteria decision‐making (MCDM) problems, this paper aims to extend the classical preference ranking organization method of enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE) into the Pythagorean fuzzy environment. The proposed method takes not only the weights related to different criteria but also the preference relations as Pythagorean fuzzy numbers, therefore providing a broader range of choices for the decision‐maker to express their preferences. Five properties are put forward to regulate the designing of both intuitionistic and Pythagorean fuzzy PROMETHEE (PF‐PROMETHEE) preference functions. Furthermore two illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the detailed procedure of PF‐PROMETHEE, and comparisons are made to distinguish the differences among our proposed method, the classical PROMETHEE and intuitionistic PROMETHEE. The results show that PF‐PROMETHEE is effective, comprehensive, and applicable to a wide range of MCDM problems.

Current circulating tumor cells (CTCs) detection strategies based on surface epithelial markers suffer from low specificity in distinguishing between CTCs and epithelial cells in hematopoietic cell population. Tumor‐associated miRNAs within CTCs are emerging as new biomarkers due to their high correlation with tumor development and progress. However, in‐situ simultaneous analysis of multiple miRNAs in single CTC cell is still challenging. To overcome this limitation, a digital droplet microfluidic flow cytometry based on biofunctionalized 2D metal‐organic framework nanosensor (Nano‐DMFC) is developed for in situ detection of dual miRNAs simultaneously in single living breast cancer cells. Here, 2D MOF‐based fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) nanosensors are established by conjugating dual‐color fluorescence dye‐labeled DNA probes on MOF nanosheet surface. In the Nano‐DMFC, 2D MOF‐based nanoprobes are precisely microinjected into each single‐cell encapsulated droplets to achieve dual miRNA characterization in single cancer cell. This Nano‐DMFC platform successfully detects dual miRNAs at single‐cell resolution in 10 mixed positive MCF‐7 cells out of 10 000 negative epithelial cells in serum biomimic samples. Moreover, this Nano‐DMFC platform shows good reproductivity in the recovery experiment of spiked blood samples, which demonstrate the high potential for CTC‐based cancer early diagnosis and prognosis.