Plasma flows related to magnetospheric convection or ULF waves often increase cold ions' kinetic energy sufficiently above the spacecraft potential energy so that these ions can be detected by charged particle instrumentation. Other detection methods also reveal the presence of cold ions even in the absence of flows. By applying such methods to complementary data sets obtained from particle, electric field, and magnetic field measurements by the multiple Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft, we study the occurrence rates of cold ions and properties-composition, densities, and temperatures-of the dominant species (H + , He + , and O + ) near the equatorial magnetosphere. As plasma flows occur at all magnetic local time (MLT) sectors, predominantly outside the plasmasphere, they enable studies of cold ion occurrence and properties as functions of geocentric distance (up to 13 R E ) and MLT. Of the dominant cold ions, protons are most abundant on the dayside and coldest almost everywhere. By comparison, the heavier ions show evidence of larger abundance on the nightside and higher temperatures at most locations: median n He+ /n H+ is ≤0.1 in the afternoon, ≥1.0 on the nightside, and near 0.5 at dawn; median n O+ /n H+ exceeds 1 throughout the nightside and around dawn at smaller geocentric distances but varies from 0.0 to 0.1 in the afternoon; and T O+ > T He+ everywhere. By isolating the convective particle drift component of measured ion flows, we deduce that nightside/dawn/prenoon cold ions are components of the warm plasma cloak while cold ions near noon/afternoon are likely of mixed origin, including nightside/cusp outflow, plasmaspheric plumes, and the solar wind.

This paper reviews the state of knowledge concerning the source of magnetospheric plasma at Earth. Source of plasma, its acceleration and transport throughout the system, its consequences on system dynamics, and its loss are all discussed. Both observational and modeling advances since the last time this subject was covered in detail (Hultqvist et al., Magnetospheric Plasma Sources and Losses, 1999) are addressed.

Endothelial physiology is regulated not only by humoral factors but also by mechanical factors such as fluid shear stress and the underlying cellular matrix microenvironment. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of matrix topographical cues on the endothelial secretion of cytokines/chemokines in vitro. Human endothelial cells were cultured on nanopatterned polymeric substrates with different ratios of ridge to groove widths (1:1, 1:2, and 1:5) and with different stiffnesses (6.7 MPa and 2.5 GPa) in the presence and absence of 1.0 ng/mL TNF-α. The levels of cytokines/chemokines secreted into the conditioned media were analyzed with a multiplexed bead-based sandwich immunoassay. Of the nano-patterns tested, the 1:1 and 1:2 type-patterns were found to induce the greatest degree of endothelial cell elongation and directional alignment. The 1:2 type nanopatterns lowered the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-3 and MCP-1, compared to unpatterned substrates. Additionally, of the two polymers tested, it was found that the stiffer substrate resulted in significant decreases in the secretion of IL-3 and MCP-1. These results suggest that substrates with specific extracellular nanotopographical cues or stiffnesses may provide anti-atherogenic effects like those seen with laminar shear stresses by suppressing the endothelial secretion of cytokines and chemokines involved in vascular inflammation and remodeling.