Conjugated polymers have a long history of exploration and use in organic solar cells, and over the last twenty-five years, marked increases in the solar cell efficiency have been achieved. However, the synthetic complexity of these materials has also drastically increased, which makes the scalability of the highestefficiency materials difficult. If conjugated polymers could be designed to exhibit both high efficiency and straightforward synthesis, the road to commercial reality would be more achievable. For that reason, a new synthetic approach was designed towards PTQ10 (= poly[(thiophene)-alt-(6,7-difluoro-2-(2-hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline)]). The new synthetic approach to make PTQ10 brought a significant reduction in cost (1/7th the original) and could also easily accommodate different side chains to move towards green processing solvents. Furthermore, high-efficiency organic solar cells were demonstrated with a PTQ10:Y6 blend exhibiting approximately 15 % efficiency.

Achieving green-solvent solubility of conjugated polymers in truly green solvents such as alcohols has proven to be a significant challenge. In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of three conjugated polymers derived from poly[(thiophene)-alt-(6,7-difluoro-2-(2-hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline)] (PTQ10) with the goal of developing derivates which are more green-solvent-processable. The traditional alkyl side chains are replaced by various oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains of different architectures, including one linear and two branched, all of which contain six ethylene glycol repeating units. It is determined that the linear OEG side chain architecture, even when sufficiently long, will not give desired green-solvent solubility shown by a small solubility capacity (R 0). However, branched OEG side chains significantly improve solubility as R 0 was increased from 4.7 of PTQ10 to 11.9 of PTQ-6bO/6bO2. Although the solution states of the polymers were vastly different, the solid-state morphologies were more similar as all three OEG-based polymers retained a predominately face-on molecular orientation similar to PTQ10. It was demonstrated that PTQ-6O devices showed the most comparable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) to PTQ10 in bulk heterojunction solar cells, while PTQ-6bO2 and PTQ-6bO showed poorer performances. With one extra carbon in the side chain, PTQ-6bO2 showed higher PCE than PTQ-6bO, attributed to the improved aggregation properties and solid-state morphology of PTQ-6bO2, highlighting the importance of OEG side chain architecture. This work serves to develop important guidelines for future alcohol-soluble materials for green-solvent-processed OPVs.

Recently, the application of Internet of Things devices to semipermanent indoor powering systems has garnered significant attention. In this context, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with unique optoelectronic properties under dim illumination...

Platinum-catalyzed selective C–H acylation of 2-aryloxypyridines with ethyl chlorooxoacetate provides an efficient way of introducing an α-keto ester functional group. The reaction is oxidant-free, additive-free, and, more significantly, free of any decarbonylative side reactions. The reaction tolerates a variety of substituents from strongly electron-donating to strongly electron-withdrawing groups. Double acylation is feasible for 2-phenoxypyridine and its derivatives with only one substituent at the para position. Although the reaction of 2-(2-methylphenoxy)­pyridine with ethyl malonyl chloride did not produce the desired β-keto ester, the reaction with ethyl succinyl chloride proceeded smoothly to give the γ-keto ester. Ethyl chlorooxoacetate is much more reactive than ethyl succinyl chloride in this Pt-catalyzed C–H acylation reaction.

Background The Biologic Abatement and Capturing Kids’ Outcomes and Flare Frequency in Juvenile Spondyloarthritis (BACK‐OFF JSpA) study is a randomized, pragmatic trial investigating different tumour necrosis factor inhibitor de‐escalation strategies for children with sustained inactive disease. In this project, we elicited concept rankings that aided in the selection of the patient‐reported outcome (PRO) measures that should be examined as part of the BACK‐OFF JSpA trial. Methods We conducted a discrete choice experiment to evaluate individuals' preferences regarding PROs. Stakeholders assessed a discrete list of 21 outcome concepts, each of which had a Patient‐Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) measure associated with it. PROMIS measures are self‐ or proxy‐reported instruments that are universally applicable to the general population and all chronic conditions. Stakeholders were required to make choices instead of expressing the strength of a preference. Results Fourteen caregivers, 12 patients (9–22 years old), 16 rheumatologists and three executives from health insurance companies completed the exercise, which took approximately 10 min. The discrete choice experiment resulted in an estimate of the relative importance of each outcome and rank. All stakeholder groups agreed that the primary PRO should be ‘Pain Interference’, a measure that evaluates the effect of pain on a child's everyday activities, including its impact on social, emotional, mental and physical functioning. Patients and caregivers were mostly aligned in their top priorities, with patients valuing physical health (50% of the top 10) whereas caregivers were more interested in mental health (60% of the top 10). Rheumatologists and health insurance executives were most interested in physical health outcomes, which were ranked 80% and 60% of their top 10 PROs, respectively. Overall, the patients had the most diverse set of prioritized outcomes, including at least one of each category in their top 10 rank order of importance. Patients were also the only stakeholders to prioritize ‘social’ health. Conclusions Patients and caregivers were mostly aligned in their outcome priority rankings. The rank‐order list directly informed the creation of a profile of PRO measures for our upcoming trial. Patient or Public Contribution Stakeholder partners helped with acquisition of data and lead parent partners helped interpret data.