Introduction and purpose: The purpose of this study is to review literature about alterations to treatment regimens to lung cancer during COVID-19 pandemic accessible on PubMed platform. In pulmonary neoplasms, early diagnosis and treatment is a key to ensure patient safety. Burdening of healthcare systems during pandemic has resulted in many obstacles in oncologic treatment. A brief description of the state of knowledge:  The lung cancer is the most frequent and the most deadly cancer in men and women. COVID-19 is a pulmonary infectious disease whose spread around the world has resulted in a pandemic. At the onset of the worldwide pandemic, many institutions, including healthcare facilities were closed, making it more difficult to provide oncological patients the treatment compliant with the standards. The anxiety of patients caused by the pandemic has caused delays in treatment that can cause progression of the disease. In patients with lung cancer mortality of COVID-19 was around 50%, which made their visits at hospital hazardous. Before the accessibility of anti-COVID-19 vaccines telemedical healthcare was one of the ways to provide healthcare to oncological patients. Conclusions: Patients with lung cancer are one of the risk groups of COVID-19. Delays in their treatment caused by the pandemic are potentially dangerous and negatively affect the therapy. Telemedicine is a useful too provide medical care, but has its own limitations.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the mental health of the Polish population. Students are the group with a high risk of developing mood disorders. The scientific data suggest the usefulness of biological substances as potential biomarkers of psychiatric disorders. Saliva is non-invasive, quick to obtain material and a promising fluid for measuring stress and depression severity. In this paper, we present the protocol of our study, which aims to assess the utility of concentrations of biological fluids as potential biomarkers of the stress response and risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders among students of Lublin. Materials and methods: Total number of 80 students were included in the study. Participants were asked to collect saliva samples simultaneously with responding to the questionnaires concerning their mental state. Afterwards, the samples were examined with an ELISA test to assess the level of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA). The relationship between biomarkers and severity of stress, depression, anxiety will be examined. Results: Cortisol on its own is not a good material to investigate the stress reaction in saliva due to its variable levels among people during stressful situations. Scientific data indicate the usefulness of other biomarkers or their combination to indicate the potential risk of developing depression and/or anxiety. Conclusions: Introducing objective tests, helpful for mood symptoms recognition, would improve the prevention and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in vulnerable populations.

Introduction and purpose: Vegan and vegetarian diets rise in popularity. Their succes can be attributed to growing ecological awarness and trends in culture. Opponents criticise these diets as incompletely nutritional. In this review, we would like to summarise the state of knowledge over effects of vegan and vegetarian diets on skeletal system.  Bone Mineral Density is a widely used indicator of likelyhood of fracture and develompent of osteoporosis. Comparing that parameter between vegans and vegetarians and non-vegans can lead to conclusions about bones’ health. A brief description of the state of knowledge: Lower intake of calcium and vitamins (D3, B12) in vegans and vegetarians can lead to lower bone mineral density and higher risk of fracture. Although, with supplementation of those nutrients negative effects are greatly reduced. Higher bone mineral density in non-vegetarian subjects can be result of higher body mass, gender and other factors. Plant-based diets are less acid-forming than their counterpart, resulting in lower bone resorption and reduced loss of calcium.   Conclusions: Vegan and vegetarian diet can result in lower boner mineral density. However, if applied correctly, with supplementation of lacking nutrients, or enriching the diet with dairy products it may not lead to any negative effects on bones. Substances contained in plants, more frequently eaten by vegans and vegetarians may have positive effects on bone mineral density.

Introduction and purpose: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent malignancies around the world. There were nearly 1 million new cases in 2018. Gastric malignancies have heterogeneous etiopathogenesis. Lifestyle, socioeconomic status, blood group A, medical condition, Helicobacter Pylori infection, family history, genetic polymorphism, diet, demographic characteristics, occupational exposure, ionizing radiation are considered as predisposing factors.Objective: The purpose of our study is to review a currently available data on PubMed about risk factors of gastric cancer to consider better understanding of gastric cancer etiology.A brief description of the state of knowledge: Current studies suggest that red meat, pickled vegetable or alcohol consumption, low socioeconomic status, cigarette smoking, blood group A and Helicobacter Pylori infection increase risk of GC. Decreased risk of gastric cancer is observed in case of white meat consumption, statin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs intake. It seems that family history and other genetic predispositions may have a crucial role in gastric cancer development.Conclusions: Variety of environmental, genetic and medical factors are considered with an increased risk of gastric cancer. The awareness of its existence facilitates pathogenesis of gastric malignancies and enables the implementation of proper diagnostic procedures, screening programs and prophylaxis.

Introduction and purpose: Cytology of urine sediment is a diagnostic tool used to screen for urinary tract lesions in two cases: surveillance of patients with a history of urothelial malignancies and patients with unexplained, new onset haematuria. Since 2015 histopathological laboratories have been able to report urine cytology according to The Paris System (TPS).  Current studies suggest usefulness of urinary cytology in follow-up of urinary tract malignancies, especially urinary bladder cancer, which is the 13th most deadly throughout the world being responsible for 200 000 deaths in 2018 among neoplasms.Objective: To review currently available data on PubMed about usefulness urine cytology reporting in follow-up and diagnosis of urinary tract malignancies.A brief description of the state of knowledge: Advantages of urine cytology examination contain non-invasiveness, high specificity, lower cost than cystoscopy and enable immunohistochemistry performance as well. Implementation of The Paris System for reporting urine cytology has created an universally acceptable and globally used report system. Reporting according to TPS significantly reduced the number of cases described as atypical changes.Conclusions: Urinary cytology is used to supplement endoscopic evaluation of the urinary tract in the screening and the surveillance of urothelial carcinoma. The Paris System for reporting urinary cytology has clarified the diagnostic categories of urine sediment examination. Cystoscopy and urine cytology are the standard tools for monitoring urinary tract malignancies.