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Introduction: Bee pollen is a natural substance obtained from flowers by bees. It is a rich source of protein, vitamins and minerals. It can be used as a dietary supplement. Bee pollen has been investigated for the treatment of some diseases with promising potential. It can be helpful in supportive therapy for dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 2, as well the prevention and control of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. Whey protein is a rich source of amino acids. It is a basic dietary supplement for many athletes, both professional and amateur. It stimulates muscle growth and provides nutrition for cachectic patients. Aim of the study: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of dietary supplementation of bee pollen or whey protein on the Wistar rat liver histological structure and expression of interleukin 12, smooth muscle actin and nitric oxide synthases among running and non-running rats. Material and methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six equal groups, three running and three non-running. Among both there was one control, one supplemented with bee pollen and one receiving whey proteins. After 8 weeks, all animals were decapitated and their livers were collected. Five micrometer thick slides were prepared and used for classical histological staining and immuno-histochemistry. ImageJ image analysis software was used to measure optical density and immunohistochemistry profile coverage. Results: Among all groups, morphology of liver was similar. In the running control group, expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) was decreased as well as expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in a group of bee pollen supplemented rats. No significant changes in α- smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was observed. Conclusions: Bee pollen is proving to be a questionable choice for athletes as an alternative to whey protein. Bee pollen supplementation affects hepatocyte cellular activity and has hepatoprotective effects. Whey protein performs worse in this regard. Lower antioxidant properties were found in groups supplemented with bee pollen than with whey protein.

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Introduction and purpose: Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer with a rapid course of disease in advanced stage according to the melanoma staging system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). Its morbidity has increased from 20th century. Intermittent sun exposure, age and skin phenotype are included into main risk factors of melanoma.  The gold standard in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is the naevus excisional biopsy associated with histopathology examination. The knowledge about immune system and melanoma biology have enabled therapeutic advantages, such as immunotherapy and molecular target therapy. Objective: To review currently available data on PubMed about current prospects of successful therapeutic procedures in advanced stage melanoma.A brief description of the state of knowledge: A systemic complementary therapy and non-specific immunotherapy are used for treatment advanced-stage-melanoma patients. Current knowledge has enabled an implementation of molecular target therapy in advanced stage melanoma. Evidence based science has yielded promising results and it has included these therapies to the clinical practice, especially molecular target therapy and immunotherapy as well. BRAF inhibitors including vemurafenib, dabrafenib and MEK inhibitors including trametinib are considered to medicaments, that have molecular mechanism of action. Nivolumab, pembrolizumab, ipilimumab are examples of monoclonal antibodies, which are used as an immunotherapy. Conclusions: Excisional biopsy associated with histopathology have been an essential element in therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Current achievements of medicine sciences have shed light on biology and pathogenesis highlighting the role of immunotherapy and molecular target treatment as well.

Introduction: The key importance of chromium III in many physiological processes of human body, its influence on insulin regulation and glucose metabolism became an indicator to make an attempt to apply chromium III supplementation in disorders treatment. Mostly because diseases such as Alzheimer's diseases, type 2 diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome are caused by disorders of this process. Objective: The aim of this review was to present currently available knowledge on online database PubMed about an application, effectivity and the range of possible chromium III supplementation in medicine. Abbreviated description of the state of knowledge: Knowledge on the subject of the function of chromium III is constantly widening. Up to the year 2014 chromium was thought to be the very necessary root responsible for appropriate functioning of human body. Nowadays, the essential role of chromium III is questionated. It is the result of the lack of sufficient manifestation of chromium deficiency in humans and animals. The recent clinical trials have been distinctly indicated that the impact of chromium III should be considered rather as a pharmacological activity than an essential trace element for humans. Conclusions: The possible ways of chromium III supplementation in treatment of many marjory society diseases are still being searched. The recent clinical trials provided evidence both in favor and against the effectiveness and validity of chromium III supplementation.