). Finally, the highest percentage virus free plantlets of PVY (93% in Binella and 87% in Burren) were obtained from meristem-tips 100 µm in length excised a er electric treatments (15 mA/10 min).

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This study reports the use of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate volatile compounds in leaves of Juniperus excelsa native to Syria. Leaf samples were collected from both 100-year and 10-year old J. excelsa plants. Dried leaf samples were extracted with hexane to obtain essential oil metabolites and other non-polar compounds. GC-MS was used to profile and analyze metabolites in hexane extracts. Mass spectral deconvolution and identification and analysis of KI values allowed us to characterize sixty-nine metabolites, including twenty-four monoterpenes; twenty-nine sesquiterpenes; and sixteen other compounds including alkanes. Among these sixty-nine metabolites, germacrene B, cedrol, g-elemene, and stenol were produced in leaf extracts of both 100-year and 10-year old trees. Interestingly, we observed that ten monoterpene and nineteen sesquiterpene compounds produced in leaves of the 100-year old trees were not detected in ones of the 10-year old trees investigated. In contrast, junipene was a dominant essential oil component in leaves of the 10-year old trees, but was either just at a detectable level or undetectable in leaves of the 100-year old trees. Experimental ChemicalsHexane (100%, HPLC grade) was purchased from VWR (Atlanta, Georgia, USA). Florida TRPH (Total-Recoverable-Petroleum-Hydrocarbons) standard containing 500 mg mL À1 even-numbered chain n-alkenes (C10-C40) was purchased from Restek (Florida, USA, cat#31266). Plant materialsJ. excelsa is native to Syria and its herbarium specimen (#Z2L4 2006, Nawras) is at the herbarium in the Biodiversity Garden, Syria-Nabek. This plant grows in the Kalamon Mountains across the areas of Kara (110 km from Damascus), Rass Almarra (80 km from Damascus), and Rankous (50 km from Damascus). The altitude of these mountains is 1500-2300 m above sea level.

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