A method is presented for calculation of the sound field from a rectangular continuous-wave source surrounded by a plane grid baffle. The approach is illustrated for square sources of 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 100 lambda on a side. These results are compared to the sound fields produced by similarly sized circular sources. The beam widths and locations of on-axis minima are similar for the two sources, but the transverse pressure distribution is more uniform in the near-field of the square source. The effects of attenuation on the sound field of a square source are examined.

Immersive environments have gradually become standard for visualizing and analyzing large or complex datasets that would otherwise be cumbersome, if not impossible, to explore through smaller scale computing devices. However, this type of workspace often proves to possess limitations in terms of interaction, flexibility, cost and scalability. In this paper we introduce a novel immersive environment called Dataspace, which features a new combination of heterogeneous technologies and methods of interaction towards creating a better team workspace. Dataspace provides 15 high-resolution displays that can be dynamically reconfigured in space through robotic arms, a central table where information can be projected, and a unique integration with augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) headsets and other mobile devices. In particular, we contribute novel interaction methodologies to couple the physical environment with AR and VR technologies, enabling visualization of complex types of data and mitigating the scalability issues of existing immersive environments. We demonstrate through four use cases how this environment can be effectively used across different domains and reconfigured based on user requirements. Finally, we compare Dataspace with existing technologies, summarizing the trade-offs that should be considered when attempting to build better collaborative workspaces for the future.

Figure 1: Immersive Insights is a collaborative, hybrid analytics system for exploratory data analysis. The application, implemented in a Dataspace environment [18], leverages multimodal interaction and combines the use of technologies such as 1) high-resolution movable screens to visualize statistical information, 2) a central projection table providing an overview of the current analysis, and 3) an augmented reality view to visualize and interact with high-dimensional data. ABSTRACTIn the past few years, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies have experienced terrific improvements in both accessibility and hardware capabilities, encouraging the application of these devices across various domains. While researchers have demonstrated the possible advantages of AR and VR for certain data science tasks, it is still unclear how these technologies would perform in the context of exploratory data analysis (EDA) at large. In particular, we believe it is important to better understand which level of immersion EDA would concretely benefit from, and to quantify the contribution of AR and VR with respect to standard analysis workflows.In this work, we leverage a Dataspace reconfigurable hybrid reality environment to study how data scientists might perform EDA in a co-located, collaborative context. Specifically, we propose the design and implementation of Immersive Insights, a hybrid analytics system combining high-resolution displays, table projections, and augmented reality (AR) visualizations of the data.We conducted a two-part user study with twelve data scientists, in which we evaluated how different levels of data immersion affect the EDA process and compared the performance of Immersive Insights with a state-of-the-art, non-immersive data analysis system.

Acoustic field patterns from a planar multi-element ultrasonic applicator were determined experimentally and compared with theory. Measurements were obtained from square arrays of 4 and 16 elements. The acoustic fields produced by various configurations of individual square elements (3.6 cm X 3.6 cm) driven at 1 MHz were measured in water. Transverse and axial scans paths were used to characterize the acoustic beam for different aperture sizes and individual element excitations. Unequal power excitation of adjacent elements produced multiple peaked acoustic intensity patterns. While a simple theoretical model was not able to account for all the experimentally determined transverse and axial field patterns, a model including mechanical damping improved the agreement between theory and experiment. However, less ripple in the axial pattern was measured than predicted by either theoretical model. The ability of the applicator to generate acoustic field patterns suitable for local tissue heating was demonstrated by an experimental study in dog thigh muscle.

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