No abstract

Bradykinin, a member of the kallikrein‐kinin system (KKS), is associated with an inflammatory response pathway with diverse vascular permeability functions, including thrombosis and blood coagulation. In majority, bradykinin signals through Bradykinin Receptor B2 (B2R). B2R is a G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) coupled to G protein family such as Gαqs, Gαq/Gα11, Gαi1, and Gβ1γ2. B2R stimulation leads to the activation of a signaling cascade of downstream molecules such as phospholipases, protein kinase C, Ras/Raf‐1/MAPK, and PI3K/AKT and secondary messengers such as inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate, diacylglycerol and Ca2+ ions. These secondary messengers modulate the production of nitric oxide or prostaglandins. Bradykinin‐mediated signaling is implicated in inflammation, chronic pain, vasculopathy, neuropathy, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Despite the biomedical importance of bradykinin, a resource of bradykinin‐mediated signaling pathway is currently not available. Here, we developed a pathway resource of signaling events mediated by bradykinin. By employing data mining strategies in the published literature, we describe an integrated pathway reaction map of bradykinin consisting of 233 reactions. Bradykinin signaling pathway events included 25 enzyme catalysis reactions, 12 translocations, 83 activation/inhibition reactions, 11 molecular associations, 45 protein expression and 57 gene regulation events. The pathway map is made publicly available on the WikiPathways Database with the ID URL: https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP5132. The bradykinin‐mediated signaling pathway map will facilitate the identification of novel candidates as therapeutic targets for diseases associated with dysregulated bradykinin signaling.

In our prospective study of comparison of functional outcomes between bioabsorbable and metallic interference screws in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstuctions, which were evaluated by using Tegner activity scale and Lysholm knee scoring scale for a period of 1 year, no statistically significant difference was found. However, further authentication is required by doing long term studies.

Desmoid tumor of rectus abdominis presenting with Grey-Turner's and Cullen's sign is rare. Herein, we report desmoid tumor of rectus abdominis in a 64-year-old multiparous female who presented with ecchymosis involving left flank and around the umbilicus. Histopathological examination of biopsy from the tumor confirmed the diagnosis of the desmoid tumor. She was referred to a surgeon for radical resection.

The alarming increase in the number of breast cancer patients worldwide and the increasing death rate indicate that the traditional and current medicines are insufficient to fight against it. The onset of chemo-and radioresistances and cancer stem cell-based recurrence make this problem harder, and this hour needs a novel treatment approach. Competent nanoparticle-based accurate drug delivery and cancer nanotheranostics like photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and sonodynamic therapy can be the key to solving this problem due to their unique characteristics. These innovative formulations can be a better cargo with fewer side effects than the standard chemotherapy and can eliminate the stability problems associated with cancer immunotherapy. The nanotheranostic systems can kill the tumor cells and the resistant breast cancer stem cells by novel mechanisms like local hyperthermia and reactive oxygen species and prevent tumor recurrence. These theranostic systems can also combine with chemotherapy or immunotherapy approaches. These combining approaches can be the future of anticancer therapy, especially to overcome the breast cancer stem cells mediated chemo-and radioresistances. This review paper discusses several novel theranostic systems and smart nanoparticles, their mechanism of action, and their modifications with time. It explains their relevance and market scope in the current era.