Probiotics are amongst the most common microbes in the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other animals. Prominent among probiotics are Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. They offer wide-ranging health promoting benefits to the host which include reduction in pathological alterations, stimulation of mucosal immunity and interaction with mediators of inflammation among others. Proteomics plays a vital role in understanding biological functions of a cell. Proteomics is also slowly and steadily adding to the existing knowledge on role of probiotics. In this paper, the proteomics of probiotics, with special reference to lactic acid bacteria is reviewed with a view to understand i) proteome map, ii) mechanism of adaptation to harsh gut environment such as low pH and bile acid, iii) role of cell surface proteins in adhering to intestinal epithelial cells, and iv) as a tool to answer basic cell functions. We have also reviewed various analytical methods used to carry out proteome analysis, in which 2D-MS and LC-MS/MS approaches were found to be versatile methods to perform high-throughput sample analyses even for a complex gut samples. Further, we present future road map of understanding gut microbes combining meta-proteomics, meta-genomics, meta-transcriptomics and -metabolomics.

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INTRODUCTION Surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the terrifying nosocomial infections that affecting surgical patients and cause a compromise to the quality of health care provided in the hospital. Nearly 5% of people who undergo surgeries might develop SSI, which can have serious consequences and even be deadly. To identify the microbiological prole of explant AIM: culture from suture materials and its correlation in development of SSI in the same patient. Infected and non-infected METHODOLOGY: suture materials that were removed aseptically from the patients were collected and transported to the Microbiology laboratory in sterile BHI broth.With the isolated colonies obtained. Identication was performed by standard microbiological technique and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. The culture reports of the swab collected from the pus/ exudate from the surgical site and the suture were compared. This was a prospective cross sectional study for a duration of 6 months. A sum of 190 isolates RESULTS: were obtained from 182 suture samples. 156(86%) suture materials had growth [monomicrobial (70%) polymicrobial growth (16%)] while 26(14%) had no growth. 7 different suture materials were employed in this study. Isolated organisms were gram positive bacilli (n=20), gram positive cocci (n=82), gram negative bacilli (n=87) and fungi (n=1). Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=19) and CONS (n=71) were commonly isolated gram negative organisms. The least common organism grown colonizing the suture material was Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter species, Candida species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus species (n=1, 0.5%). Isolates like Escherichia coli (n=5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=2) and Acinetobacter species, Staphylococcus aureus (n=1) were found to have multiple drug resistance in the suture thread culture. SSI was seen eight cases (4.3%) and in two of them, the microorganism isolated from the surgical site and suture material was identical. Out of 190 isolates in this study, 96 DISCUSSION isolates (CONS-71, Streptococcus-4, Diphtheriods-2, Aerobic spore bearers-18, Candida-1) were members of normal ora of the skin which shows 50.5% of the suture materials were colonized by normal ora. The current study shows that ability of bacteria to adhere varies between different suture materials. Overall, the adhesion of bacteria to 3-0 Ethilon (10.4%) was found to be lower compared to 3-0 vicryl No 1,3 Prolene, 2-0 Ethilon and Silk. Suture thread must be taken out as soon as possible since opportunistic infections could result from the skin's regular ora

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Floating-point numbers are broadly received in numerous applications due their element representation abilities. Floating-point representation has the capacity hold its determination and exactness contrasted with altered point representations. Any Digital Signal Processing (DSP) calculations utilization floating-point math, which obliges a huge number of figuring's every second to be performed. For such stringent necessities, outline of quick, exact and effective circuits is the objective of each VLSI creator. This paper displays a correlation of pipelined floating-point snake dissention with IEEE 754 organization with an unpipelined viper additionally protests with IEEE 754 arrangement. It depicts the IEEE floating-point standard 754. A pipelined floating point unit in light of IEEE 754 configuration is produced and the outline is contrasted and that of an unpipelined floating point unit and an investigation is defeated speed, range, and force contemplations. It builds the rate as well as is vitality productive. Every one of these changes is at the expense of slight increment in the chip region. The basic methodology and approach used for VHDL (Very Large Scale Integration Hardware Descriptive Language) implementation of the floating-point unit are also described. Detailed synthesis report operated upon Xilinx ISE 11 software and Modelsim is given.