Introduction. Natural dye beta-carotene E160a (pro-vitamin A) is part of many functional foods. Therefore, the total intake of beta-carotene must not exceed the tolerable upper intake level, i.e. 10 mg/day. E160a is also used in formulations of complex food additives. These products contain antioxidants, emulsifiers, preservatives, carriers, stabilizers, and thickeners, which makes it make difficult to isolate and determine the amount of beta-carotene. Complex food additives vary in composition, which, together with incomplete extraction and degradation of beta-carotene, results in inaccuracy of its determination. The present research reviewed various techniques of beta-carotene extraction from liquid and dry complex food additives. Study objects and methods. The study featured commercial samples of complex food additives containing beta-carotene. It was isolated from the samples by liquid extraction methods using organic solvents and their binary mixtures. The extraction was performed in a stirring device at 120 rpm and in a Bandelin Sonorex ultrasonic bath at 128 W and 35 kHz. The extraction continued until the samples were completely discolored. The list of solvents included chloroform, petroleum ether, hexane, acetone, ethanol, and their mixes. The experiment was based on high performance thin layer chromatography with Sorbfil sheet plates. The optical density was determined by spectrophotometry using a SHIMADZU UV-1800 device. Results and discussion. The extraction of beta-carotene from liquid samples with mechanical stirring at 120 rpm led to the formation of stable opaque emulsions, which made it difficult to determine the amount of beta-carotene. The emulsions were destroyed by ultrasound exposure for 30 min. The degree of extraction of beta-carotene from liquid emulsion systems (≥ 95%) was achieved by ultrasonic extraction with chloroform or a binary extractant based on mixes of acetone with chloroform, hexane, or petroleum ether in volumetric ratios of 1:1. When extracted from dry samples using chloroform or binary extractants, beta-carotene was not isolated or was not completely isolated. As a result, pre-dispersion of dry samples in water with stirring at 120 rpm was proposed. Ultrasonic treatment did not contribute to the dispersion of dry samples due to insufficient cavitation action. Ethanol, which is a solubilizer, increased the extractability of beta-carotene up to 98 %. The optimal results were achieved by adding a binary extractant (ethanol:chloroform in a 1:2 ratio) to an aqueous solution of the dry sample (1:3). The optimal elution systems were hexane:benzene (9.7:0.3), butanol:methyl ethyl ketone:ammonia 10 % (9:6:6), and petroleum ether:benzene:acetone:acetic acid (23.3:5.8:0.6:0.3). Conclusion. The article offers new methods of beta-carotene isolation from liquid and dry complex food additives of various composition and elution systems for carotene identification. The methods caused no degradation of beta-carotene during extraction and can be used to prepare samples of complex food additives for beta-carotene identification and quantitative analysis.
The lightfastness of beta-carotene in inclusive complexes with cyclodextrins and modified starches was studied. Alpha-and beta-cyclodextrins, native and modified starches with a degree of hydrolysis from 30 to 46%, were studied as modifier carriers. Inclusion complexes were obtained by a solid-phase method. The lightfastness of β-carotene was determined by storage of samples and their aqueous solutions at the temperature of (20 ± 2)°C under ultraviolet irradiation with a maximum at the wavelength of 253.7 nm.
Изучена стабильность бета-каротина в нанокомплексах с циклодекстринами и модифицированными крахмалами. В качестве носителей-модификаторов были исследованы альфа-и бета-циклодекстрины, нативный и модифицированные крахмалы со степенью гидролиза от 30 до 46%. Комплексы включения получали твердофазным способом. Стабильность бетакаротина определяли в условиях хранения образцов при температурах (3 ± 2) и (-23 ± 2)°C, а водных растворов образцов при температуре (3 ± 2)°C. Интенсивность цвета растворов образцов определяли по оптической плотности, измеряемой в максимуме светопоглощения на двулучевом сканирующем спектрофотометре Shimadzu UV-1800 со спектральным диапазоном 190-1100 нм и программой обработки данных. При температуре (-23 ± 2)°C содержание красящих веществ в образце бета-каротина и в образцах комплексов, полученных на основе всех носителей, стабильно в течение 4 мес. наблюдения. В условиях хранения образцов при температуре (3 ± 2)°С наибольшее стабилизирующее действие на бета-каротин оказывают модифицированные крахмалы и циклодекстрины с молярным соотношением 1:1. Стабильность красящих веществ в водных растворах комплексов, полученных на основе бета-каротина и бета-циклодекстрина почти в 30 раз превышает стабильность водного раствора эмульсии бета-каротина. Лучшие результаты получены для комплексов с молярным соотношением бета-циклодекстрин : бета-каротин в диапазоне от 1:1 до 2,5:1. Стабилизирующее действие альфа-циклодекстрина менее выражено. Потери 50% красящих веществ в этом случае отмечаются при хранении от 40 до 70 суток в зависимости от молярного соотношения компонентов в комплексе. Растворы комплексов на основе альфациклодекстрина имеют менее интенсивную окраску. В них содержится в 3 раза меньше бетакаротина, чем в комплексах на основе бета-циклодекстрина. Большую лабильность и более низкое содержание бета-каротина в образцах, полученных на основе альфа-циклодекстрина, можно объяснить меньшим размером его внутренней полости, в результате чего меньшее число молекул бета-каротина включается в структуру супрамолекулы. Образование супрамолекулярных структур подтверждено методом ЯМР 1 Н спектроскопии. Супрамолекулярные комплексы на основе бетакаротина могут найти широкое применение в различных областях науки и промышленности. Ключевые слова: пищевые красители; бета-каротин; альфа-циклодекстрин; бета-циклодекстрин; модифицированный крахмал; супрамолекулярная химия, нанокомплексы.
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