Sumithion (Fenitrothion) (SUM) is an organophosphorus insecticide used to combat a wide variety of plant pests. Exposure to SUM causes significant toxicity to the brain, liver, kidney, and reproductive organs through, for example, binding to DNA, and it induces DNA damage, which ends with oxidative stress. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the protective role of bee products: a mixture of honey, propolis, palm pollen, and royal jelly (HPPJ) against SUM-induced toxicity. Twenty-four male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were classified into four groups, each containing six rats: control (corn oil), SUM (85 mg/kg; 1/20 LD50), HPPJ, and SUM + HPPJ once daily for 28 consecutive days. Blood samples were gently collected in sterilized ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes for blood picture analyses and tubes without anticoagulant for serum isolation. Serum was used for assays of enzymatic and biochemical characteristics. The results revealed that SUM increased the weights of the liver, kidney, and brain as well as the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP), serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Additionally, SUM significantly increased the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-GT) and glucose, uric acid, and creatinine contents, while decreasing the acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and total lipids and total protein content. Furthermore, because of the inclusion of phenolic, flavonoids, terpenoids, and sugars, the HPPJ mixture counteracted the hematological, renal, and hepatic toxicity of SUM exposure.

Biofly (Beauveria bassiana) and SpinTor® (Spinosad) are increasingly applied as biopesticides throughout Egypt to control various agricultural pests. We investigated, in a previous study, the acute toxicities of the two biopesticides among others and their effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) workers. In this study, we are focusing on the acute toxicities and the potential side effects of multiple applications with biofly (Beauveria bassiana) and SpinTor® (Spinosad) biopesticides on AChE activity of larvae of honey bee workers. Chosen groups of young worker larvae, in a brood comb of honey bee colony, were fed once, twice or three times at 1-day intervals on sugar syrup 1:1 (w/v) containing different concentrations of the two biopesticides. The mortality percentages of treated worker larvae were determined after 24 h of one application, or two or three daily applications, and the lethal concentrations that caused 50% mortality (LC50) were estimated to determine the acute toxicity of Biofly and Spinosad to worker larvae. Also, the impacts on AChE activity of larvae were determined in vivo after 24 and 96 h of single application or two daily applications. According to the LC50 values, Spinosad showed higher toxic actions to worker larvae comparable to Biofly. Also, the acute toxicity (after 24 h) of three daily applications of Biofly (1905 mg L -1 ) or Spinosad (12.04 mg L -1 ) was higher than the corresponding value of two daily applications (3847 and 21.45 mg L -1 , respectively).The same trend, the acute toxicity of two daily applications was higher than that of single application (5113 and 51.29 mg L -1 , respectively). Therefore, there were lethal cumulative effects of Biofly and Spinosad on worker larvae. Furthermore, our findings indicated that the average of AChE activities in larvae fed twice on sugar syrup with Biofly or Spinosad was significantly (p > 0.05) higher than that in larvae fed once after 24 and 96 h. Also, Biofly when found in sugar syrup at tested concentrations has activator effects after 24 h of application, and inhibitory effects after 96 h of application on AChE activity in worker larvae fed once or twice. In addition, Spinosad showed activator effect only after 24 h of single application, and inhibitory effects after 24 h of two daily applications and after 96 h of one or two daily applications on AChE activity in worker larvae.

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The effects of future climate changes on the prevalence of Palarus latifrons Kohl. and Philanthus triangulum Fab that attacking honey bee colonies in Africa have not been studied before. Ecological modeling using Maxent and geographical information system (GIS) was used to achieve the study objective. The highest contribution in the model was to the annual mean temperature followed by mean temperature of the coldest quarter. The model performance was high and perfect in light of the used evaluation parameters. Some areas in southern and northern parts of Africa were suitable for the prevalence of P. latifrons Kohl. and P. triangulum Fab under current conditions. The study maps for future conditions during 2050 and 2070 highlighted the negative effects of climate change on the prevalence of these pests in specific parts in Africa. The consequences of such prevalence/limitation of P. latifrons and P. triangulum on beekeeping in Africa were discussed.

The present study was conducted to estimate the distribution of apterous and alates cotton aphids within and between plants. Also, population dynamic of cotton aphid and its predators, and the effects of foliar spray with elicitors viz, salicylic acids (SA), jasmonic acids (JA) and β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) on the population density of A. gossypii were estimated. The experiments were carried out in an eggplant field at Nobaria district, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. The results of spatial distribution of apterous A. gossypii by using the diffusion coefficient (S 2 / m) was >1, by using David-Moore index (IDM) was positive value for negative binomial, by using patch index (m*/m) was >1 and with using Cassie index (Ca)was>0 and positive values. All these indices are indicative of aggregation (the individuals tend to occur in clumps) distribution model for the apterous A. gossypii in all the sampling dates throughout the two successive seasons 2019 and 2020. On contrary, all of these indices refer to a uniform spatial distribution for the alates A. gossypii., there were proportionally greater numbers of the alates individuals on the middle part of eggplants. The results also showed that the seasonal mean population of cotton aphids was higher during 1 st season than during the 2 nd season The apterous aphid populations were significantly higher within the upper level than other levels of the plant. The foliar spray of JA, SA and BABA resulted in decreasing the cotton aphid population density in eggplant crop. SA proved to be less efficacious than JA and BABA.