The vascularity of placental tissue is dependent on various factors of which fetomaternal hypoxia plays a major role. Hypoxia can be of different types and each type influences the vascularity of the villi, especially terminal villi, in its own way. In this study, we attempted to identify villous vascular changes in a group of term placentae from mothers with diseases complicating pregnancy. Chorangiosis was the most frequently identified lesion while chorangioma was found in only 2 cases. There were no cases of chorangiomatosis. A few cases had normal villous vasculature. Maternal diseases have a major role in disrupting the placental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis by creating a hypoxic environment that may affect the fetus adversely. Hence, such conditions need to be identified early in pregnancy and managed appropriately as it is possible to maintain a normal vasculature and prevent neonatal mortality and morbidity if prompt intervention is done.

A 23-years-old gravida three abortion two reported to my hospital at 28 weeks of gestation. The patient is from a local village near to Tumkur district. The patient came with complaints of sudden abdominal distension since two days and breathlessness since two days. On examination, patient was diagnosed to have severe pre-eclampsia. Her clinical examination revealed a uterus of 32-34 weeks gestation. Per vaginal examination showed well effaced cervix with patulous os. Her ultrasonography scan done on the same day reported twin intrauterine gestation with single placenta and a thin membrane separating the two foetuses-monochorionic diamniotic twins. Twin A of 26 weeks gestation with absent cardiac activity-suggestive of intra uterine foetal death with grossly increased liquor of 24 cm. Twin B was acardiac acephalus. Patient was counselled for termination of pregnancy and was induced with misoprostol and progressed to active labour and delivered a first twin A (Figure 1) dead female baby of weight 1000 gms and 12 minutes later followed by acardiac twin (Figure 2) of 700 gms. The second baby was acardiac acephalus. It had absent head, upper limbs and thoracic organs. The placenta was 300 gms (Figure 3) with two umbilical cords. In Twin A, cord was long and oedematous, and had three vessels. The acardiac twin had short cord. Both twins shared the same placenta. Patient was transferred to ward after treatment for severe pre-eclampsia and was discharged on the 8 th postpartum day. Multiple pregnancy accounts for 1.5% of all pregnancies with approximate perinatal morbidity and mortality of ten percent. The incidence varies widely. One percent of monozygotic twins accounts for monoamniotic twinning. Monozygotic twins have 2.5 times higher rate of congenital anomalies than in dizygotic or singletons.

Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in India. Stroma has an important role in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of breast. Stromal marker can be novel marker for assessing the prognosis of breast cancer.Methods: With the representative sections of 30 invasive ductal carcinoma of breast NOS type Hematoxylin and eosin staining was done. Immunohistochemistry was done with CD10. CD10 expression in stroma in cases and control slides were studied and statistically analyzed with histopathological grade.Results: 46% (14 out of 30) of cases showed strong positivity for stromal CD10. Only two cases of strong positivity for CD10 were noted in the adjacent normal breast parenchyma. Stromal expression of CD10 had a statistically significant association with breast carcinoma than in control slides, p value is 0.002. 77% (10 out of 13) of CD10 positive cases were high grade carcinomas. Association of CD10 expression with high grade tumour was statistically significant (p value is 0.04 which is less than 0.05). No association was found with mean age.Conclusions: As the grade of breast carcinoma increases the stromal expression of CD10 is increased. Stromal CD10 expression is directly correlated with higher tumour grade. CD10 could be used as novel prognostic marker and used to develop newer drugs.