No abstract

In laboratory trials, mating behaviour of males of Lobesia botrana Den. and Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae) was investigated after treatment with an electrostatically chargeable powder, Entostat TM . Male moths were powdered with either blank Entostat or Entostat containing sex pheromone. Significantly more Entostat adhered to L. botrana males when sex pheromone was added to the powder compared with blank Entostat. Powdering male moths with Entostat, with or without sex pheromone, caused a significant reduction in antennal response when antennae were placed 2 cm away in downwind direction, while there was little effect when antennae were placed 25-100 cm from the EAG in downwind direction. In a flight study, powdering males of L. botrana caused significant increase in time before flight initiation and reduction in proportion of males making contact with calling females compared with untreated males. In a mating experiment in Petri dishes (to minimize required search time to locate female), significantly fewer females mated successfully (based on dissection of bursa copulatrix) when males had been treated with pheromone-loaded powder. Overall, powdering males of L. botrana caused considerable suppression of mating behaviour on various levels, and these suppressing effects were increased after adding sex pheromone to Entostat.

Larvae of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis are known to produce an anal droplet containing decyl acetate (10Ac) and dodecyl acetate (12Ac), which act as an alarm pheromone. Analysis by GC showed that the combined mass of 10Ac and 12Ac per droplet increased with age of second instars from 2 ng to 18 ng, while the mass ratio of 10Ac:12Ac increased from 0.4:1 to 1.1:1 (molar ratio 0.4:1 to 1.2:1). Droplet volume increased from 0.4 nl to 2.1 nl with age, but only about 1% of this was accounted for by 10Ac and 12Ac. The remainder contained water. Analysis by GC-MS using SPME revealed no other volatile components. Whole bodies contained about two to four times as much 10Ac and 12Ac as a droplet, but in a similar ratio.

This chapter describes the current structure of modern pork production, with emphasis on the environmental impact, animal welfare, sustainability and ethics in light of new farming technologies.