Epidemiology suggests that melanin inhibits cutaneous vitamin D 3 synthesis by UVR. Laboratory investigations assessing the impact of melanin on vitamin D production have produced contradictory results. We determined the effect of melanin on vitamin D 3 photosynthesis in healthy young volunteers (n ¼ 102) of Fitzpatrick skin types II-VI (white to black). Participants, irrespective of skin type, were exposed to the same suberythemal UVR dose, to 85% body surface area, using solar simulated UVR or narrowband UVB (311 nm). This was repeated five times with intervals of 3e4 days between UVR exposures. Blood was taken before, during, and after the irradiation and assessed for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (25[OH]D 3) as a marker of vitamin D 3 status. Linear UVR dose-dependent increases in 25(OH)D 3 were highly significant (P 7.7 x 10-11). The ratios of regression slopes of the different skin type groups were compared, and only skin type II was significantly steeper than the other groups. Comparisons between extreme skin types II and VI showed melanin inhibition factors of approximately 1.3e1.4, depending on the UVR source. We conclude that the inhibitory effect of melanin on vitamin D 3 synthesis is small, compared with erythema, but that this difference may be sufficient to explain the epidemiological data.

This summary relates to https://doi.Summary 在英国,皮肤癌发病率的增速比其他形式癌症更快。此病中致死性最强的形式为黑色素瘤皮肤癌,现在所影响 的人数比 28 年前增多了128%。已知防晒系数 (SPF) 在按 2 mg /cm 2 外用防晒霜时可以保护皮肤免于日晒 伤。但是,当在假期时,人们通常只外用 0.8 mg / cm 2 防晒霜 此研究旨在确定每天暴露于日光的假期中的通常 防晒霜使用是否会导致诸如日晒伤等皮肤癌风险因素。参与者们在 Tenerife 度过一周,Tenerife 是一个紫外线 指数非常高的地区。22 名参与者在无指导情况下自行使用他们的防晒霜,向 40 名参与者提供 SPF 15 防晒霜 和有效使用的指南(每天三次,2 mg /cm 2 )。发现遵守通常防晒霜使用方式的参与者中日晒伤和其他与皮肤癌 相关风险因素的水平显著高于遵守优化使用指南以达到 SPF 15 的参与者。遵守 SPF 15 防晒霜有效使用指南 的个体在 5 个身体暴露部位没有发生日晒伤。这项研究的结果强调了防晒霜的通常使用在大部分人群中不能 提供充分的日光防护。不仅如此,它还证实日晒伤与皮肤癌的发生风险增高相关。因此,通过教育公众如何正 确使用防晒霜来获得充足的 SPF 可能是防止皮肤癌的一个重要措施。

Most of the variables tested in our study but one did not point at any advances of adding music therapy to pharmacological treatment. The finding of improvement in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale could be an indicator of music therapy as a useful adjunct to pharmacotherapy during an in-patient hospital stay for the few patients amongst those suffering acute psychosis that accept to participate in music therapy.

''Live'' singing to persons with dementia (PWDs) may be an underused but highly accessible resource for their caregivers, regardless of qualifications. A systematic literature review sought to illuminate who sings to PWDs, and with what objectives and effects, to address the question of whether it is the singer or the singing which is effective. The literature revealed that music therapists seek to address cognitive, behavioral, physiological, and social factors through one-to-one singing, whereas other caregivers are more broadly concerned with quality of life, often through facilitating activities of daily living. All included studies concurred that individual singing to PWDs can be effective in a variety of ways, depending on contexts and goals. PWD's perceptions of situations may influence the effectiveness of singing interventions. Music therapists are urged to empower professional caregivers to sing sensitively to PWDs during caregiving activities.

Action spectra are important biological weighting functions for risk/benefit analyses of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (UVR) exposure. One important human benefit of exposure to terrestrial solar UVB radiation (∼295 to 315 nm) is the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3 that is initiated by the photoconversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3. An action spectrum for this process that is followed by other nonphotochemical steps to achieve biologically active vitamin D3 has been established from ex vivo data and is widely used, although its validity has been questioned. We tested this action spectrum in vivo by full- or partial-body suberythemal irradiation of 75 healthy young volunteers with five different polychromatic UVR spectra on five serial occasions. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] levels, as the most accurate measure of vitamin D3 status, were assessed before, during, and after the exposures. These were then used to generate linear dose–response curves that were different for each UVR spectrum. It was established that the previtamin D3 action spectrum was not valid when related to the serum 25(OH)D3 levels, as weighting the UVR doses with this action spectrum did not result in a common regression line unless it was adjusted by a blue shift, with 5 nm giving the best fit. Such a blue shift is in accord with the published in vitro action spectra for vitamin D3 synthesis. Thus, calculations regarding the risk (typically erythema) versus the benefit of exposure to solar UVR based on the ex vivo previtamin D3 action spectrum require revision.