Objective: The present study focuses on developing two visible spectrophotometric methods for cefixime trihydrate (CFT) by the utilization of analytical quality by design space concept. The critical method variables were screened and optimized by factorial design. Methods: In methods A and B, CFT reacts with 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride in an acidic medium having λmax at 630 nm and CFT reacts with 1, 10 phenanthroline (Phen) showing λmax at 510 nm, respectively. Fractional factorial design was employed for the initial screening of independent variables for both methods. The main, interaction, and quadratic effects of the most significant factors on the preferred response (absorbance) for methods A and B were studied employing central composite design (CCD) with response surface methodology. Results: The method was linear (r2=0.9983 and 0.9986 for methods A and B), accurate (mean recovery = 100.06% and 99.26% for methods A and B), precise (relative standard deviation, % relative standard deviation = 0.9214, 1.025 and 0.1919, 0.2136 for methods A and B). Conclusion: The outcome of the proposed work has evidently revealed that quality by design concept can be efficiently enforced in the optimization of spectrophotometric technique for the quantification of CFT in pharmaceutical raw materials and formulations by minimum experimental runs.

The present paper describes multicomponent UV spectrophotometric method for the determination of paracetamol, aceclofenac, and thiocolchicoside based on the fundamentals of green analytical chemistry. Major pharmaceutical companies and research laboratories encompass on green analytical methodologies for developing environmental friendly analytical methods. The present work is based on the principle of simultaneous equation involving additive of absorbances at the selected wavelengths. The linear range was established between 5-15 µg/mL for paracetamol, 1-5 µg/mL for aceclofenac, and 1-5 µg/mL thiocolchicoside. The greenness profile of the developed UV spectrophotometric technique was evaluated using National Environmental Methods Index, Analytical Eco-scale and AGREE metrics which proved the greenness of the method with respect to solvent, chemicals, energy consumed, and waste produced. The proposed method being simple, economical, and eco-friendly could be convenient substitutes for the use of hazardous chemicals in the routine investigation of the selected triple drug combination.

Statins are a group of medicines that can help to lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol "bad cholesterol" in the blood. Having a high level of LDL cholesterol is potentially dangerous, as it can lead to a hardening and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), atorvastatin is one of the oldest member of the statin family and is used in the treatment of dyslipidemia and the prevention of CVD. Atorvastatin was first made in August 1985 and from 1996 to 2012 under the trade name Lipitor, atorvastatin became the world's best-selling drug. Numerous analytical methodologies are available for the quantification of atorvastatin and its content in pharmaceutical preparations and in biological fluids.

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