Graphical abstract

The Indian system of medicine, Ayurveda employs Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) for memory enhancement. This study attempts to prepare and test a more potent formulation by incorporating BME in nanovesicles. BME-loaded liposomes and bilosomes (bile salt-stabilized liposomes) were formulated using soy phosphatidylcholine. Liposomes and bilosomes had homogeneous size distribution and an average size of 285.7 nm and 84 nm, respectively, with satisfactory zeta potential. Spherical multilamellar bilosomes and unilamellar liposomes were observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM), with BME entrapment efficiency of 85% and 45%, respectively. During a 72 h interval, bilosomes and liposomes released 78% and 65% of the loaded BME, exhibiting a biphasic release, following the Higuchi model diffusion. Both liposomes and bilosomes were stable in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. When tested on dementia-induced Swiss albino mouse models using the Y-maze apparatus, the bilosome-treated group showed significant cognition enhancement activity than those treated with liposomal vesicles. The better pharmacological effect shown by bilosomes may be attributed to better bioavailability, possibly augmented by higher entrapment efficiency, and improved vesicle integrity afforded by bile salts. Likewise, bilosomes were more stable than liposomes in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Taken together, innovative formulation techniques hold substantial promise for enhancing the ethnopharmacological claims of BME.

Objective: Ischemic heart disease is mostly seen among all Cardiovascular diseases and is responsible for more than 80% of cardiovascular disease deaths. This study has been developed to design and to validate a Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) Questionnaire in order to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of ischemic heart disease patients towards their medications. Study Design: Prospective observational study Methods: The study was conducted for duration of six months among 336 patients. The study subjects taken were above 18 years of age, who was diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease by a Consultant Cardiologist in Cardiology Department. Practice questionnaires and all the details were explained by the investigator before filling the KAP forms. The data was tabulated and statistically analysed by SPSS software. Results: 336 patients including both males and females were enrolled in the study. Majority of the patient were having good knowledge about the disease conditions that is 50% of the patients were aware about the ischemic heart disease. 326 (97%) of the 336 research participants were aware of the signs and symptoms of ischemic heart disease. Majority of the patient have an attitude towards the adverse conditions related to the disease i.e. 91.4% were aware of consulting a physician when they came across a side effect. 85.45% of the study subjects think that non-compliance to medication can lead to worsening of their condition. 98.2% of the study subjects are willing to take the treatment recommended by their doctor. Considering the practice, 81.5% the study subjects were ready to follow all the instructions given by the doctor. Conclusion: Findings from this study provide a better understanding of “knowledge, attitude and practice” in Ischemic heart disease patients towards their medications. Estimating the knowledge, attitude and practices of the community has sufficiently provided crucial baseline information for the implementation of primary and secondary preventive programs.

The green foliage of plants plays a vital role in the Traditional Medical System(TMS). Especially neem and moringa contains rich nutrients and hence used for medicinal purpose, preserving and drying of these leaves are found to be most important. Using a solar greenhouse dryer(GHD) for this purpose reduces the cost of energy and maintains herbal's own multifarious spectrum of constituent substances.Drying of these herbals in solar greenhouse dryer depends on the duration of sunshine hours in a particular day, atmospheric pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall, turbidity parameters and transmission coefficients. In the above parameters, finding the longest duration sun shine hours and the best intensity rate of the sunshine are considered to be important to get better performance from the dryer. This communication throws light on the (1) Best time to start the drying process in a particular day ,month and year in GPS co-ordinates (12.2253° N, 79.0747° E) of Tiruvannamalai, Tamilnadu (2) Fabrication of the experimental setup of solar greenhouse dryer (3) Conducting the test for reduction of moisture up to safe limit of moisture content (4) Experimental results are to be validated with the theoretical results.to control the replications of Dengue virus type-2.

Cassia alata, commonly known as candle bush, ringworm bush is an extensively distributed plant of the family Leguminosea. It is an annual and occasionally biannual herb, flowering in the sunshine and humid areas, with an average height of 1 to 4m. Biological activity in plants has been claimed to be effective as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-ulcer, antiviral, antidepressants, hepatoprotective, antimalarial, anthelmintic, cardiovascular, and anesthetic properties. The ethanolic extract of plant was subjected first time for neutralization of snake venom activity. Primary phytochemical screening shows the existence of alkaloid, steroids, phenols, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. Ethanolic extract of Cassia alata plants was tested for antivenom activity against Daboia russelii venom. Various dose levels of leaf extract 200 and 400mg/kg showed significant neutralization of hemorrhagic activity, and at 400mg/kg leaf extract showed significant necrotizing activity in rats.