In the current WSN operation process, there are two major problems of data collection difficulty and network energy consumption, which seriously affects the reliability of the WSN. In this paper, the improved ant colony algorithm proposed is compared with other algorithms. Wireless sensor network nodes based on improved ant colony algorithm have lower energy consumption, and sensor nodes have more residual energy. In addition, the energy model, data transmission balance model is established and verified in the WSN transmission target function. The experimental results show that the WSN node after the improved ant colony algorithm is used to help in the determination of the location information of the public node, and then use the location information of the node to make the protocol have effective routing performance and effective target node location discrimination ability. Thus, the improved ant colony algorithm studied in this paper has important practical significance for improving the life cycle/energy consumption of wireless sensor networks. In addition, aiming at the characteristics and routing performance of wireless sensor networks, a low-power routing method based on location and direction is designed to make the message reach the target node accurately and safely, which effectively increases the data packet transmission rate.

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