1. Biodiversity is a multifaceted concept covering different levels of organization from genes to ecosystems. Biodiversity has at least three dimensions: (a) Taxonomic diversity (TD): a measure that is sensitive to the number and abundances of species. (b) Phylogenetic diversity (PD): a measure that incorporates not only species abundances but also species evolutionary histories. (c) Functional diversity (FD): a measure that considers not only species abundances but also species' traits.2. We integrate the three dimensions of diversity under a unified framework of Hill numbers and their generalizations. Our TD quantifies the effective number of equally abundant species, PD quantifies the effective total branch length, mean-PD (PD divided by tree depth) quantifies the effective number of equally divergent lineages, and FD quantifies the effective number of equally distinct virtual functional groups (or functional 'species'). Thus, TD, mean-PD and FD are all in the same units of species/lineage equivalents and can be meaningfully compared.3. Like species richness, empirical TD, PD and FD based on sampling data depend on sampling effort and sample completeness. For TD (Hill numbers), the iNEXT (interpolation and extrapolation) standardization was developed for standardizing sample size or sample completeness (as measured by sample coverage, the fraction of individuals that belong to the observed species) to make objective comparisons across studies. This paper extends the iNEXT method to the iNEXT.3D standardization to encompass all three dimensions of diversity via sample size-and sample coverage-based rarefaction and extrapolation under the unified framework. The asymptotic diversity estimates (i.e. sample size tends to infinity and sample coverage tends to unity) are also derived. In addition to individual-based abundance data, the proposed iNEXT.3D standardization is adapted to deal with incidencebased occurrence data. 4. We apply the integrative framework and the proposed iNEXT.3D standardization to measure temporal alpha-diversity changes for estuarine fish assemblage data spanning four decades. The influence of environmental drivers on diversity change are also assessed. Our analysis informs a mechanistic interpretation of 1927 Methods in Ecology and Evoluঞon CHAO et Al.

Summary — Molecular analysis has revealed the presence of a specific deletion-derivative hobo element, the Th element, in all current strains of Drosophila melanogaster examined throughout the Eurasian continent. The Th element is characterized by an internal deletion of 1.5 kb as compared to the complete hobo element. The presence of this element in natural populations raises the question of its possible role in the regulation of the hobo system. Drosophila-transposable elements -hobo-populations Résumé — Présence de l'élément hobo délété Th dans les populations eurasiennes de Drosophila melanogaster. Un élément hobo défectif (élément Th), présentant une délétion interne de 1,5 kb a été mis en évidence par analyse moléculaire. Cet élément est présent dans toutes les souches actuelles de Drosophila melanogaster examinées sur le continent eurasien. Sa présence dans les populations naturelles pose la question de son rôle éventuel dans le mécanisme de régu-lation du système hobo.

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SummaryIn Drosophila melanogaster the syndrome of germline abnormalities generated in the P-M system is caused by transposable elements known as the P element family. The frequency of gonadal dysgenesis, GD sterility characteristic of the P-M system, was estimated in 120 populations, collected in [1980][1981][1982][1983]

It is well established in Traditional Chinese Medicine that certain natural products, such as male silkworm moths, have different therapeutic effects on men than on women. These natural products have been used as dietary supplements specifically formulated for men or for women. However, this presumed sex-specific effect of certain natural products has not yet been confirmed experimentally with animal models or in human clinical trials. Here, using the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) as a longevity model, we examined the effect of hu-bao (HB) and seng-bao (SB), two marketed health products made from a mixture of natural ingredients. Our results convincingly demonstrate that the effect of HB and SB are indeed specific for the male fly. The life-span of the male was significantly increased when HB or SB was added to the culture medium. In contrast, neither HB nor SB had much effect on the female fly. Upon removal of the male silkworm moth ingredient from HB or SB, the life-span prolongation effect of HB and SB was drastically diminished. Only with the addition of the male silkworm moth did the culture medium show a statistically significant life-span prolongation effect. This result suggests that the male silkworm moth is a key ingredient, in combination with other components, for specific prolongation of the life-span of male flies.