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Abstract. Upland red rice (Oryza sativa) contains anthocyanin, a phenolic compounds that can act as antioxidants and functional food for human dietary. The content of functional food on upland red rice is influenced by shading condition, but the production is also influenced by environmental condition, especially the availability of light. The study aims is to assess and analyze the effect of shade on the growth and production of upland red rice. The research was conducted using the quantitative method to obtain the optimal shading condition that can increase the rice anthocyanin content and relatively high production. The research was arranged in split plot design, with shade as main plot and the different of cultivar as sub plot with three replications. The shading treatment consist of 4 levels as follows: n1=shade level < 25 %, n2=shade level 25-50%, n3=shade level 50-75% and n4=shade level > 75%. The cultivar tested were (v1) = Labandiri, (v2) = Jangkobembe, (v3) = Ranggohitam, and (v4) = Paedara. The rice planted in between teak wood trees with different age and level of canopy. The research reveals that shades had an effect in decreasing plant production (the higher level of shade, the higher the decrease level of production), but the shades can improve the quality of red rice through the increase of anthocyanin content.

The purposes of this research were to: (1) analyze the suboptimal land availability and its suitability for food crops; (2) to identify the major and prime food crops; (3) analyze the socio-cultural and economic characteristics of farmers in order to develop local based climate change adaptation strategy and to prioritize major food crops using multi-criteria approach; (4) to promote sustainable crop and land management, through the local specific technologies dealing with the constraints of the Kalalasi Region. As regional based study, this research used overlaid maps of thematic lands, undertaken on suboptimal-land area with dry-climate at Kalalasi Region, Southeast Sulawesi. This study employed a spatial analysis method using GIS. Data collection included data on land biophysics, climate, and farming-based socio-culture and economic, using biophysical and social economic survey method. Land evaluation was carried out using FAO method. The major food crops were identified and analyzed using LQ method. Then, Multi-Criteria Decision Method (MCDM) through an application of AHP was used to promote sustainable crop and land management at the Kalalasi Region. The results of this research showed that: (1) Kalalasi Region had relatively varied characteristics of land biophysic, climate, socio-culture and economic, (2) Potential land availability for the development of food crops was ha, where the land suitability level of S2 (moderately suitable) of ha, S3 (marginally suitable) of ha, and the rest was N1 and N2, (3) there were eight major food crops in the research area, namely: maize, cassava, upland rice, soy bean, sweet potato, ground nut, green bean, and paddy rice, (4) prime or excellent food crops in research area were varied among regions (sub-districts), however, in general, it was concluded that there were four prime food crops, namely: cassava, maize, upland rice, and paddy rice, (5) productive and sustainable crop pattern and land management can be achieved through the application of multiple cropping system, planting diversification, and appropriate planting date for the period of December, January, February, and March, using drought resistant cultivar, and several other efforts for adaptation and conservation, such as mulching and cover crops, to deal with climate change. These were conducted to maintain the land and crop productivity, and the sustainable food availability.

Global warming is very closely related to carbon stored in an ecosystem. This research aimed to determine the amount of carbon storage in cocoa plantations in East Luwu Regency. The research was carried out in cacao plantation in three districts namely Burau, Wotu and Mangkutana. Measurement of carbon storage was conducted using the allometric formula on an observation plot of 200 m2. Six sampling points were selected consisted of four location with shading trees planted in multistrata agroforestry planting system and two locations with a monoculture planting system. The results of measurements on cocoa plants show that carbon storage increased with the variety of plant species that exist in the cocoa farm. The size of the carbon stocks depends on the planting system. Cacao plantation with multistrata shades system showed carbon absorption of 148.92 tons/Ha that was greater than the amount of carbon absorption in cocoa plantation with monoculture shades system of 50.24 tons/Ha. The level of carbon uptake in East Luwu Regency is 33.19 tons C/Ha. The amount of carbon emissions absorbed is 57.46 t/Ha. CO2 content with the composition of existing land cover in East Luwu Regency is 121.81 tons CO2/Ha.

Intercropping is a breakthrough in land use optimization. This study aim is to determine the effect of the number of rows and soybean varieties on the growth and yield of soybean in intercropping with corn. This study was set in a split plot design with three replication. The main plot was soybean varieties: Dena-1 (V1), Detap-1 (V2) and Deja-1 (V3), while subplots were the number of rows of soybean planting lines: Monoculture (B0), 3 rows of soybean-3 rows of corn (B1), 4 rows of soybean-3 rows of corn (B2), and 6 rows of soybean-3 rows of corn (B3). The results show that V1 has the lowest plant height as 83.04 cm. The highest number of filled pods is achieved at V2B0 with 78.53 pods but not significantly different with V2B3 as 71.77 pods. B3 gave the lowest plant height 82.74 cm, weight of 100 seeds 15.93 g, and yield weight of 1.13 t ha−1. The lowest populations of Nezara viridula and Bemisia tabaci was produced in V2B3. The highest land equivalent ratio (LER) is achieved in V3B3 1.45. This present study shows that implementing Detap-1 with 6 rows of soybean is better than other treatment in the intercropping with corn.