Based on recent multiregional epidemiological investigations of Monkeypox (MPX), on 24 July 2022, the World Health Organization declared it a global public health threat. Retrospectively MPX was an ignored zoonotic endemic infection to tropical rainforest regions of Western and Central African rural communities until a worldwide epidemic in May 2022 verified the potential threat of monkeypox virus (MPXV) to be propagated across the contemporary world via transnational tourism and animal movements. During 2018–2022, different cases of MPX diagnosed in Nigerian travelers have been documented in Israel, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and the United States. More recently, on 27 September 2022, 66,000 MPX cases have been confirmed in more than 100 non-endemic countries, with fluctuating epidemiological footprinting from retrospective epidemics. Particular disease-associated risk factors fluctuate among different epidemics. The unpredicted appearance of MPX in non-endemic regions suggests some invisible transmission dynamic. Hence, broad-minded and vigilant epidemiological attention to the current MPX epidemic is mandatory. Therefore, this review was compiled to highlight the epidemiological dynamic, global host ranges, and associated risk factors of MPX, concentrating on its epidemic potential and global public health threat.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) notifiable, economically important transboundary, highly contagious, and an acute viral disease of small ruminants. The disease is caused by the PPR virus (PPRV). PPRV belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The recent epidemiological and molecular characterization of PPR virus isolates subdivides them into four genetically distinct lineages (I, II, III and IV). The disease is endemic across Asia, the Middle East and African regions and is considered a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world due to its huge burden on the economy and development of the affected countries and has recently been targeted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OIE for global eradication by 2030. PPR-endemic countries should join the regional force, and implement regional road maps for the progressive and successful control and elimination of PPRV. In this review, the regional epidemiology of PPR outbreaks and associated risk factors, including animal factors (age, species and sex), environmental factors (season, spatial distribution of disease in various locations) and trade associated factors with special reference to the PPR affected countries in South, Central and East Asia are comprehensively discussed.Key words: epidemiology; PPR-virus; risk factors; control; eradication; AsiaREGIONALNA EPIDEMIOLOGIJA IN Z NJO POVEZANI DEJAVNIKI TVEGANJA ZA KUGO DROBNICE V AZIJI – PREGLEDIzvleček: Kuga drobnice (angl., Peste des petits ruminants, PPR) je gospodarsko pomembna, čezmejno nevarna, visoko nalezljiva, akutna virusna bolezen drobnice, ki jo je potrebno prijaviti Svetovni organizaciji za zdravje živali (OIE). Bolezen povzroča virus PPR (PPRV). PPRV spada v rod virusov Morbillivirus iz družine Paramyxoviridae. Nedavna epidemiološka in molekularna karakterizacija izolatov virusa PPRV deli izolate na štiri genetsko različne linije (I, II, III in IV). Bolezen je endemična v Aziji, na bližnjem vzhodu in v Afriki. Zaradi močnega bremena za gospodarstvo in razvoj prizadetih držav velja za glavno oviro pri razvoju trajnostnega kmetijstva v državah v razvoju. Organizacija Združenih narodov za prehrano in kmetijstvo (FAO) in OIE sta nedavno določili, da je bolezen potrebno do leta 2030 izkoreniniti po vsem svetu. Države z endemijo PPR bi se morale pridružiti regionalnim silam in izvajati regionalne načrte za postopen in uspešen nadzor in izkoreninjenje PPRV. V tem pregledu so izčrpno obravnavani regionalna epidemiologija izbruhov PPR in povezani dejavniki tveganja, vključno z dejavniki živali (starost, vrsta in spol), okolja (letni čas, prostorska razširjenost bolezni na različnih lokacijah) in trgovine, s posebnim poudarkom na državah s PPR v južni, osrednji in vzhodni Aziji.Ključne besede: epidemiologija; virus PPR; dejavniki tveganja; nadzor; izkoreninjenje; Azija

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute, highly contagious, world organization for animal health (OIE) notifiable and economically important transboundary viral disease of sheep and goats and caused by PPR virus (PPRV), which belongs to the genus Morbillivirus of the family Paramyxoviridae. The disease is endemic across Asia, the Middle East and African regions and is considered to be a major obstacle to the development of sustainable agriculture across the developing world due to huge burden for the economy and development of the affected countries and has recently been targeted by the OIE and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for eradication with the aim of global elimination of the disease by 2030. In this review, the regional epidemiology of PPR outbreaks and associated risk factors with special reference to the PPR-affected countries in South， Central and East Asia is comprehensively discussed.

The present cross-sectional survey was carried out to investigate the distribution and risk factors of FMD in Pakistan’s northern border regions. About 385 serum samples were compiled from small ruminants (239) and large ruminants (146) and tested using 3ABC-Mab-bELISA. An overall apparent seroprevalence of 67.0% was documented. The highest seroprevalence of 81.1% was reported in the Swat, followed by 76.6% in Mohmand, 72.7% in Gilgit, 65.6% in Shangla, 63.4% in Bajaur, 46.6% in Chitral and lowest 46.5% in Khyber region. Statistically significant variations in seroprevalence of 51.5%, 71.8%, 58.3%, and 74.4% were recorded in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffaloes, respectively. From the different risk factors investigated, age, sex, species of animal, seasons, flock/herd size, farming methods, outbreak location, and nomadic animal movement were found to be significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the seroprevalence of FMD. It was concluded that proper epidemiological study, risk-based FMD surveillance in small ruminants, vaccination strategy, control measures for transboundary animal movement, collaborations, and awareness programs need to be practiced in the study regions to investigate the newly circulating virus strains in large and small ruminants and associated factors for the wide seroprevalence to plan proper control policies to bound the consequence of FMD in the region.