A large body of evidence indicates that particulate matter (PM)2.5 is associated with various negative effects on human health. However, the impact and molecular mechanism of PM2.5 on the skin have not been elucidated. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of two types of PM2.5 [water-soluble extracts (W-PM2.5) and non-water-soluble extracts (NW-PM2.5)] on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, lipid synthesis, and inflammatory cytokine production of human SZ95 sebocytes. The results demonstrated that NW-PM2.5 and W-PM2.5 exposure dose-dependently inhibited SZ95 sebocyte proliferation by inducing G1 cell arrest. Furthermore, NW-PM2.5 and W-PM2.5 significantly reduced sebaceous lipid synthesis and markedly promoted the production of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-6 and IL-8 in SZ95 sebocytes. Additionally, the expression of aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor (AhR), AhR nuclear translocator protein (ARNT), as well as cytochrome P450 1A1 were significantly increased following PM2.5 exposure. Thus, these findings indicate that PM2.5 exerts inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and lipid synthesis, and stimulatory effects on inflammatory cytokine production and AhR signaling activation in human SZ95 sebocytes.

Background: Fusarium species are environmentally ubiquitous fungi capable of causing diverse super cial, locally invasive, or disseminated infections, making them important pathogens. Compared with antibacterial drugs, the types of antifungal drugs are still limited, and the adverse reactions are signi cant. Therefore, novel treatments against Fusarium spp. are an urgent need.Results: Here we investigated the interaction of amorol ne combined with voriconazole on Fusarium spp. Our study demonstrated that amorol ne in combination with voriconazole could inhibited the Fusarium spp. signi cantly. Galleria mellonella was also used as a model to show the interaction of the two-drug combination in vivo against Fusarium spp.; larval survival rates were signi cantly higher after treatment with the amorol ne-voriconazole combination compared to the monotherapy group.Conclusions: This study is the rst to demonstrate that voriconazole combined with amorol ne has a synergistic effect against Fusarium spp. infection and may be an effective method for antifungal therapy.