Background To establish prediction models for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in non-oncological urological inpatients. Methods A retrospective analysis of 1453 inpatients was carried out and the risk factors for VTE had been clarified our previous studies. Results Risk factors included the following 5 factors: presence of previous VTE (X1), presence of anticoagulants or anti-platelet agents treatment before admission (X2), D-dimer value (≥ 0.89 µg/ml, X3), presence of lower extremity swelling (X4), presence of chest symptoms (X5). The logistic regression model is Logit (P) = − 5.970 + 2.882 * X1 + 2.588 * X2 + 3.141 * X3 + 1.794 * X4 + 3.553 * X5. When widened the p value to not exceeding 0.1 in multivariate logistic regression model, two addition risk factors were enrolled: Caprini score (≥ 5, X6), presence of complications (X7). The prediction model turns into Logit (P) = − 6.433 + 2.696 * X1 + 2.507 * X2 + 2.817 * X3 + 1.597 * X4 + 3.524 * X5 + 0.886 * X6 + 0.963 * X7. Internal verification results suggest both two models have a good predictive ability, but the prediction accuracy turns to be both only 43.0% when taking the additional 291 inpatients’ data in the two models. Conclusion We built two similar novel prediction models to predict VTE in non-oncological urological inpatients. Trial registration: This trial was retrospectively registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn/index.aspx under the public title“The incidence, risk factors and establishment of prediction model for VTE n urological inpatients” with a code ChiCTR1900027180 on November 3, 2019. (Specific URL to the registration web page: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=44677).

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and postoperative hemorrhage are unavoidable complications of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). At present, more and more patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) need long-term antithrombotic therapy before operation due to cardiovascular diseases or cerebrovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of preoperative antithrombotic therapy history on lower extremity VTE and bleeding after TURP. Methods: Patients who underwent TURP in the Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, from January 2017 to December 2021 and took antithrombotic drugs before operation were retrospectively analyzed. The baseline data of patients were collected, including age, prostate volume, preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), complications, surgical history within one month, indications of preoperative antithrombotic drugs, drug types, medication duration, etc. Main outcome measures included venous thromboembolism after TURP, intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, and perioperative blood transfusion. Secondary outcome measures included operation duration and postoperative hospitalization days, the duration of stopping antithrombotic drugs before operation, the recovery time of antithrombotic drugs after operation, the condition of lower limbs within 3 months after operation, major adverse cardiac events (MACEs), and cerebrovascular complications and death. Results: A total of 31 patients after TURP with a long preoperative history of antithrombotic drugs were included in this study. Six patients (19.4%) developed superficial venous thrombosis (SVT) postoperatively. Four of these patients progressed to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) without pulmonary thromboembolism (PE). Only one patient underwent extra bladder irrigation due to blockage of their urinary catheter by a blood clot postoperatively. The symptoms of hematuria mostly disappeared within one month postoperatively and lasted for up to three months postoperatively. No blood transfusion, surgical intervention to stop bleeding, lower limb discomfort such as swelling, MACEs, cerebrovascular complications, or death occurred in all patients within three months after surgery. Conclusion: Short-term preoperative discontinuation may help patients with antithrombotic therapy to obtain a relatively safe opportunity for TURP surgery after professional evaluation of perioperative conditions. The risks of perioperative bleeding, VTE, and serious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications are relatively controllable. It is essential for urologists to pay more attention to the perioperative management of these patients. However, further high-quality research results are needed for more powerful verification.

Introduction Ketamine‐induced cystitis (KIC) is a disease caused by ketamine that can cause lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Its end‐stage is bladder contracture, which is related to bladder fibrosis and poses a serious burden to patient lives. Methods We established a KIC model in female Sprague Dawley rats and verified bladder fibrosis in the model by Masson trichrome staining and western blot analysis. The bladders of the rats from the ketamine and control groups were used to perform transcriptome analysis. In particular, association analysis with metabolomics was also used to determine the potential mechanisms of ketamine‐induced bladder fibrosis. Results A total of 685 differentially expressed messenger RNAs, 71 differentially expressed long noncoding RNAs, 23 differentially expressed microRNAs, and 68 differentially expressed circular RNAs were identified. We found that ribosome, Wnt signaling, vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, cytoskeleton organization, and cytoskeletal protein binding may be potential pathways in ketamine‐induced bladder fibrosis as identified by Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. In addition, the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway appeared to be closely related to the development of ketamine‐induced bladder fibrosis according to association analysis. Conclusions In this study, using transcriptomic and correlation analyses of metabolomics, we identified pathways that may be potential targets for the prevention and treatment of ketamine‐induced bladder fibrosis.