Although drinking water safety has raised considerable concern, to date, the hidden health risks in newly released overnight water from a municipal pipeline have seldom received attention. In this study, bacterial community composition and the response of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, tetracycline, penicillin, and cephalosporin in overnight stagnant water were analyzed. With increases in heterotrophic bacteria plate count (HPC) during water stagnation, the numbers of ARB and the ARB/HPC ratios for the five antibiotics in resident water were observed to increase, which illustrated that the prevalence of ARB rose in the pipe network water during stagnation time (ST). Furthermore, during water stagnation for 12 h, an increase in bacteria related to fermentation was also observed. When the ST rose to 48 h, the fermentation bacteria become non-significant, and this was related to the exchange of pipe network water during daytime stagnation within the 48-h period. The antibiotic resistance index (ARI) showed that tetracycline had the highest resistance level in fresh water, and then decreased during water stagnation. When ST increased to 12 h, all ARI values of the five antibiotics were low, which was associated with changes in parameters during water retention and reduced resistance during short-term stagnation. When the ST increased to 24 and 48 h, the resistance to most antibiotics (except for tetracycline) increased, which showed that increasing antibiotic resistance is caused by the formation of biofilms in the pipeline during water stagnation.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of laboratory-scale biotrickling filters (BTFs) packed with composite filler and pine bark filler under different operating conditions in purifying mixed gas containing H2S and NH3. The composite filler was prepared with modified activated carbon and loaded with functional microbes, using the microbial immobilization technology combined with a nutrient sustained-release composite filler. The results showed that the composite filler could better adapt to low empty bed retention time (EBRT) and high inlet concentration than the pine bark filler. When EBRT was 40 s and the inlet load was 41 g/m3·h, the NH3 removal efficiency of the composite filler was kept above 80%, and when the inlet load was 61.5 g/m3·h, it could be stabilized at about 60%. When EBRT exceeds 34 s, the H2S removal efficiency of the two BTFs was maintained at 100%. Yet, when EBRT was 34 s, the H2S removal efficiency of the bark filler BTF dropped to <80%. The microbial diversity and richness of the bark filler BTF were significantly higher than those of the composite filler BTF, which had higher community similarity under each working condition. However, the proportion of predominant bacteria in the composite filler BTF was higher than that of the bark filler BTF. As the inlet load increased, the diversity of predominant bacteria of the composite filler BTF increased, which means that the predominant bacteria were less inhibited by high-concentration odorous gases. The predominant bacteria with deodorizing function in the composite filler BTF included Pseudomonas, Comamonas, and Trichococcus, which might jointly complete nitrogen’s nitrification and denitrification processes. The proportion of these three bacteria in the composite filler BTF was higher than in the bark filler BTF.

The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) caused by biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) poses a serious threat to human health. The influence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) on the distribution of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in different phases (biofilms and water) of DWDSs is unclear. In this study, the characteristics of microbial indices, trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), ARGs and MGEs in biofilms and effluents of simulated DWDS reactors were detected during 150 d of operation. During the mature biofilm periods of 90 d or 120 d, for both biofilms and effluents, seven categories of ARGs (except tetracycline) and MGEs were at their highest and lowest relative abundance in the entire operation cycle, respectively. The influence of DBPs on ARGs and MGEs in the DWDS was different in different phases. In effluents, DBPs showed a stronger relationship with ARGs compared with MGEs. THMs and HAAs had positive correlations with various ARGs, which indicated that DBPs affected the distribution of resistance genes. In biofilms, the influence of MGEs on ARGs was stronger than that of DBPs on ARGs. Thus, DBPs might be an important contributor to the enrichment and spread of ARGs in water.

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Eutrophication of water constitutes a serious threat to global water quality. Light intensity and water disturbance are important factors affecting the growth of algae and the release of algal toxins. In this study, algal growth indicators, algal enzyme systems, and algal toxin release in Microcystis aeruginosa under different light intensities and water disturbances were determined. The results showed that 2500 lx and 120 rpm were the optimal conditions for the growth of M. aeruginosa. The growth of algal cells was inhibited by high light intensity and high water disturbance. However, the optimal conditions for algal growth were not favorable conditions for the release of algal toxin. The highest concentration of microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR), observed at 4500 lx and 80 rpm, was 198.1 μg/L, whereas the highest single cell toxin production reached up to 10.49 × 10−9 μg/cell at 7000 lx and 120 rpm. Redundancy analysis results showed that the concentration of MC‐LR was positively correlated with algal cell density and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and malondialdehyde [MDA]) and negatively correlated with the total nitrogen and total phosphorus consumption rates and MDA. Single cell toxin production was negatively correlated with algal cell density and antioxidant enzyme activity but positively correlated with MDA content. Practitioner Points There was an optimal water disturbance condition for algae growth affected by the light intensity. Optimal conditions for algae cell growth are not necessarily the optimal conditions for algal toxin release. Enzyme indicators have correlation with the release of algae toxins and the growth of algae cells.