Background Wild birds may harbor and transmit viruses that are potentially pathogenic to humans, domestic animals, and other wildlife. Results Using the viral metagenomic approach, we investigated the virome of cloacal swab specimens collected from 3182 birds (the majority of them wild species) consisting of > 87 different species in 10 different orders within the Aves classes. The virus diversity in wild birds was higher than that in breeding birds. We acquired 707 viral genomes from 18 defined families and 4 unclassified virus groups, with 265 virus genomes sharing < 60% protein sequence identities with their best matches in GenBank comprising new virus families, genera, or species. RNA viruses containing the conserved RdRp domain with no phylogenetic affinity to currently defined virus families existed in different bird species. Genomes of the astrovirus, picornavirus, coronavirus, calicivirus, parvovirus, circovirus, retrovirus, and adenovirus families which include known avian pathogens were fully characterized. Putative cross-species transmissions were observed with viruses in wild birds showing > 95% amino acid sequence identity to previously reported viruses in domestic poultry. Genomic recombination was observed for some genomes showing discordant phylogenies based on structural and non-structural regions. Mapping the next-generation sequencing (NGS) data respectively against the 707 genomes revealed that these viruses showed distribution pattern differences among birds with different habitats (breeding or wild), orders, and sampling sites but no significant differences between birds with different behavioral features (migratory and resident). Conclusions The existence of a highly diverse virome highlights the challenges in elucidating the evolution, etiology, and ecology of viruses in wild birds.

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Bahadar Khel anticline. The last three structures, i.e. the Chashmai anticline (33°06´34˝N, 70°47´77˝E), Banda Assar syncline (33°07´52˝N, 70°55´88˝E), and Bahadar Khel anticline (33°09´79˝N, 70°57´64˝E), were selected for the present investigation (Figure 2). Major structures of the Western HimalayasAlong its strike, the Himalayan orogen is subdivided into Western, Central, and Eastern segments. The last mentioned segment extends into Pakistan (Yin, 2006). The Himalayan tectonic evolution consists of two stages:

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Introduction: The world population is under the grip of global pandemic of COVID-19. The present study analyzed relationship between meteorological parameters and COVID-19 in three major cities of Pakistan, that is, Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. Methods: The impacts of heat index (HI) and ultraviolet index (UVI) over daily COVID-19 cases have examined to identify its transmission and propagation. The significance of basic reproductive number ( R 0 ), growth rate ( G r ) and doubling time ( T d ) of COVID-19 with HI and UVI was determined. Results: Both indices show a significant positive correlation (at 5% significance level) to R 0 , T d , and G r of COVID-19 patients. Our results showed that the minimum threshold temperature of 33 °C for HI (with a positive variation of 3 °C to 5 °C) put a significant impact on new cases. Conclusion: HI and UVI impacted significantly to decline COVID-19 cases over the region.